Characteristics and evolution of the Etili silica sinter epithermal deposits, Çanakkale – Turkey: Relation to alkali chloride vs acid-sulfate fluids

Ercan, Hatice Ünal; Ece, Ö. I.; Schroeder, Paul A.; Gülmez, Fatma

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104726

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…A laterally developed silicification zone has been observed around the epithermal veins in the bedrock, which extend radially over large distances (hundreds of meters) [9] due to the widespread presence of high-porosity and -permeability bedrock (i.e., tuffs, andesites and volcano-clastics), and these porous rocks are easily silicified in their shallow levels [168]. Silicified rocks occur in the form of mounds in a very wide area due to their resistance to erosion [87].…”

Section: Silica Sinter and Silicification Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epigenetic model for the Düvertepe kaolin district, including kaolin-group, alunite and silica sinter deposits, in the west of Simav Graben is summarized in Figure 9. The most important formations of the kaolin deposits occurred along the subdivision of the North Anatolian Fault, the NE-SW-trending Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault, and the zone located within the Çan Volcanics in the Etili area, Çanakkale [87]. Three different mineral The most important formations of the kaolin deposits occurred along the subdivision of the North Anatolian Fault, the NE-SW-trending Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault, and the zone located within the Çan Volcanics in the Etili area, Çanakkale [87].…”

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important formations of the kaolin deposits occurred along the subdivision of the North Anatolian Fault, the NE-SW-trending Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault, and the zone located within the Çan Volcanics in the Etili area, Çanakkale [87]. Three different mineral The most important formations of the kaolin deposits occurred along the subdivision of the North Anatolian Fault, the NE-SW-trending Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault, and the zone located within the Çan Volcanics in the Etili area, Çanakkale [87]. Three different mineral assemblages were observed in three deposits: (A) the Bahadırlı quarry; kaolinite + alunite ± quartz ± smectite ± plagioclase ± K-feldspar; (B) the Caltıkara quarry: kaolinite + quartz + alunite ± Fe-oxide and ore minerals; and (C) the Duman quarry: hanging wall block of kaolinite + quartz + plagioclase ± smectite and a footwall block of kaolinite ± alunite ± smectite ± quartz ± plagioclase ± K-feldspar ± gypsum.…”

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These three kaolin deposits located in the same host rock are very close to each other along the Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault zone but experienced different stages and degrees of hydrothermal alteration processes (Table 3). Each deposit was presumably affected by the groundwater and meteoric waters differentially heated by two different hydrothermal processes in different episodes [87]. In the first stage, highly acidic and oxidizing conditions prevailed, as shown by the presence of alunite and kaolinite, an indicator of high-temperature mineralization, formed in relatively deep epithermal zones.…”

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Ece,

Ercan

2024

Minerals

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Kaolin-group minerals occur in nature as the result of high-sulfidation acid sulfate, sulfur-poor HCl-, HF- and H2CO3-rich acidic fluid-related hydrothermal alterations and in situ geochemical weathering. These minerals possess different crystallographic and chemical properties that determine their application areas, mainly in the ceramic and paper industries, and as nanocomposite materials. The physicochemical properties of hydrothermal kaolin deposits are the result of the type of parent rock, the effect of the regional tectonism-associated magmatism, and the chemical features of hydrothermal fluids that interact with the deep basement rocks. However, understanding these geothermal systems is one of the most challenging issues due to the rich mineralogical assemblages, complex geochemistry and isotopic data of hydrothermal alteration zones. This study evaluates the formation of hydrothermal-origin kaolin-group minerals by considering their characteristics of hydrothermal alteration, isotopic compositions and differences in characteristic properties of low- and high-sulfidation occurrences; this paper also addresses mineralogical and structural differences between hypogene and supergene kaolin formations, and kaolin–alunite–pyrophyllite association, and it provides examples of worldwide occurrences. The study of the mineralogical assemblages, geochemistry and isotopic data of the hydrothermal alteration zones is one of the most challenging subjects in terms of gaining a detailed understanding of the geothermal systems. Silicification processes are subsequent to late-stage alteration after the completion of kaolinization processes, erasing existing hydrothermal mineralogical and geochemical traces and making interpretation difficult. In the early stages involving magmatic–hydrothermal-origin acidic geothermal fluids, the latter comes from the disproportionation of SO2 (+H2O) and H2S oxidation to H2SO4 in hydrothermal environments. In the later stages, due to spatial and temporal changes over time in the chemistry of geothermal fluids, the system comes to have a more alkali–chloride composition, with neutral pH waters frequently saturated with amorphous silica which characteristically precipitate as siliceous sinter deposits containing large amounts of opal-A.

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Section: Silica Sinter and Silicification Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: çAnakkale and Düvertepe Kaolins Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Ece,

Ercan

2024

Minerals

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“…Biga Yarımadası'nda altere zonlar boyunca Au, Ag, Mo ve Cu gibi metalik cevher zenginleşmeleri ile beraberinde sıklıkla kaolin, kuvars gibi endüstriyel minerallerin oluşumu gerçekleşmiştir [1,2]. Her iki oluşumunda gelişimini sağlayan mekanizmanın, bölgedeki kırık çatlak zonlar boyunca etkili olan asit-sülfat ve alkali-klorür bileşimli hidrotermal kökenli kaynaklar olduğu iyi bilinmektedir [1][2][3][4]. Düşük sülfidasyondan yüksek sülfidasyona kadar değişen bir aralıkta gelişmiş olan bu epitermal oluşumların çoğu Oligo-Miyosen yaşlı lavlarda ve/veya piroklastik çökellerde gerçekleşmiştir [5].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Hamamtepe (Çanakkale) Kuvars Ocağında Tespit Edilen Paleo-Mikroorganizmalara Ait İlksel Bulgular: Ortam Yorumlarına Katkı

ÜNAL ERCAN,

GÖÇMENGİL,

YAYAN

2023

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

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Türkiye’nin kuzeybatısında yer alan Biga Yarımadası, epitermal çözeltilerle ilişkili gelişen metalik cevherlerin yanı sıra asit-sülfat tipte akışkanlardan türetilmiş kaolin yatakları ve alkali-klorür tipte akışkanlardan türetilmiş silika çökelleri bakımından oldukça zengindir. Biga civarındaki Hamamtepe Kuvars Ocağı ve çevresindeki sinter höyükleri Etili jeotermal sistemiyle ilişkili olarak gelişmiştir. Hamamtepe Ocağı’na ait kuvarsların paleo-mikrofaunasını belirlemek ve litofasiyeslerin oluşum ortamlarını tespit etmek amacıyla mineralojik ve petrografik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarla kuvars mineralleri yüzeyinde bakteriyel aktivite ile ilişkili olarak gelişmiş ağsal yapılar, hifler, biyofilm kalıntıları ve küresel diatom/polen? tespit edilmiştir. Hamamtepe ve çevresinde tespit edilen paleo-mikrofaunaya ait kalıntılar bölgede meydana gelmiş olan silika çökeliminde abiyotik şartlar yanında biyotik faaliyetlerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, biyotik faaliyetlere bağlı silika çökelim ortamının proksimal aprona ait su çıkış kanallarının hemen yakınlarındaki yamaçlarda veya kanallarda termofilik canlılar tarafından alkali-klorür tipte nötr sularda, yaklaşık olarak 60-95 °C aralığında gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir.

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Comparison of Epithermal Kaolin Deposits from the Etili Area (Çanakkale, Turkey): Mineralogical, Geochemical, and Isotopic Characteristics

Ercan

Ece

Çiftçi

et al. 2022

Clays and clay miner.

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Hydrothermal solutions related to magmatic intrusions that occurred during the Oligo-Miocene resulted in advanced multi-stage alterations and, to varying degrees, kaolinization over a wide area of the Biga Peninsula. The most important formations in these kaolin deposits occurred along the NE–SW-trending Çan-Etili-Bayramiç fault zone. The Bahadırlı, Duman, and Çaltıkara quarries are well preserved kaolin deposits throughout these fault zones located within the Çan Volcanics. Mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic analyses were performed to identify the environments of formation of kaolins and the origin of the hydrothermal solution that led to the formation of these deposits.The mineralogical assemblages of each of the quarries differ from each other. The Bahadırlı kaolin quarry comprises kaolinite + alunite ± quartz ± smectite ± plagioclase ± K-feldspar. The Çaltıkara kaolin deposits consist of kaolinite + quartz + alunite ± iron-oxide and ore minerals. The Duman kaolin quarry was considered in two different slopes as a hanging wall block and a footwall block, and the blocks contain kaolinite + quartz + plagioclase ± smectite and kaolinite ± alunite ± smectite ± quartz ± plagioclase ± K-Feldspar ± gypsum, respectively. During petrographic investigations, it was observed that kaolinization occurred generally in K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts and partially in the matrix. Mineralogical and micromorphological investigations revealed that the kaolin group includes the dioctahedral minerals kaolinite and halloysite. According to the trace element contents of the kaolinites, the Çaltıkara and Bahadırlı deposits had a hypogene origin, while the Duman deposit had a supergene origin. δ18O isotopic values of kaolinites ranged from +10.3 to +18.3‰. δ34S isotopic values ranged from –17.2 to +20.2‰ of alunite, galena, and pyrite minerals, which indicate different formation environments for the kaolin quarries. 40Ar/39Ar dating of alunite revealed that the timing of acid-sulfate alteration was compatible with the magmatic intrusions. All these data revealed the mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic differences caused by the effect of different hydrothermal processes in three kaolin deposits located on the same fault zone, close to each other and similar in age.

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Characteristics and evolution of the Etili silica sinter epithermal deposits, Çanakkale – Turkey: Relation to alkali chloride vs acid-sulfate fluids

Cited by 6 publications

References 124 publications

Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Global Occurrence, Geology and Characteristics of Hydrothermal-Origin Kaolin Deposits

Hamamtepe (Çanakkale) Kuvars Ocağında Tespit Edilen Paleo-Mikroorganizmalara Ait İlksel Bulgular: Ortam Yorumlarına Katkı

Comparison of Epithermal Kaolin Deposits from the Etili Area (Çanakkale, Turkey): Mineralogical, Geochemical, and Isotopic Characteristics

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