Characteristics and COP Cascade Refrigeration System using Hydrocarbon Refrigerant (Propane, Ethane and CO2) at Low Temperature Circuit (TC)

Novel Cascade Refrigeration Cycle for Cold Supply Chain of COVID-19 Vaccines at Ultra-Low Temperature -80°C Using Ethane (R170) Based Hydrocarbon Pair

“…This intermediate heat exchanger is commonly used of the plate heat exchanger type. The different expansion devices of HTC and LTC are due to the fact that working pressures are not the same between the two circuits, as reported by Alhamid et al [36]. The working principle between HTC and LTC are the same as a refrigeration cycle in general.…”

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Cascade Refrigeration System Using MC22 and MC134 on HTC, R404A and R502 on LTC

“…Model the circuit of CRS the used in this study was developed based on the results of research development by Alhamid [18] as shown in Figure 1.…”

“…In refrigeration systems, exergy analysis is not only used for cascade systems. This method is also used for the air heater system and liquid suction heat exchanger [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In this case, in several previous studies the performance the cascade heat exchanger was reviewed from the effect of cascade temperature on COP and exergy efficiency, where in principle ∆ cascade is the difference between the temperature in the heat exchanger between the LTC and HTC temperature, which is measured form ∆ = T 8 −T 3 = T 5 − T 2 .…”

“…Research and development CRS for low temperature usually uses carbon dioxide and ammonia (R744) [17] Refrigerant currently used to achieve low temperature require vacuum pressure and mixture refrigerant, but there are also difficulties [11]. To get low temperature, be required high pressure compressor in each series in the CRS, so that costs will be expensive [18]. Therefore, to develop a low temperature cold storage, then development a low temperature cold storage with CRS and hydrocarbon refrigerant.…”

Exergy and Exergoenvironmental Assessment and Optimization of Low GWP Refrigerant for Vapor Compression Heat Pump System

“…The search for alternative refrigerants has been, and still remains, a prevalent topic in the history of Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning systems (HVAC systems) (Mohd-Ghazali et al, 2011;Alhamid et al, 2013). Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), as the first refrigerant used in HVAC systems was banned by the Montreal Protocol in 1987 to be replaced by Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC).…”