Characteristics and Behaviors of Older Male Anabolic Steroid Users

Ip, Eric J.; Trinh, Karen; Tenerowicz, Michael J.; Pal, Jai; Lindfelt, Tristan A.; Perry, Paul J.

doi:10.1177/0897190014527319

Cited by 38 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…, Ip et al . ). However, as recently researchers have called into question the suitability of the DSM‐IV as diagnostic tool for AAS dependence due to lack of traditional substance dependence symptomology, e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Dependence is discussed in the IPED literature largely in relation to AAS (Kanayama et al 2009a, Hildebrandt et al 2011 The majority of studies have used modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria to assess participants for AAS dependence (Perry et al 2005, Ip et al 2014). However, as recently researchers have called into question the suitability of the DSM-IV as diagnostic tool for AAS dependence due to lack of traditional substance dependence symptomology, e.g.…”

Section: Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

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The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

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Injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population is a public health concern. A wide and varied range of IPED are now easily accessible to all through the online market. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken according to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines for systematic review, to identify the relevant literature. No date restrictions were placed on the database search in the case of human growth hormone melanotan I and II, and oil and cosmetic injectables. In the case of anabolic androgenic steroids search dates were restricted to January 2014-2015. Publications not in English and with a lack of specificity to the topic were excluded. The review yielded 133 relevant quantitative and qualitative papers, clinical trials, clinical case presentations and editorials/reports. Findings were examined/reviewed under emergent themes which identified/measured extent of use, user profiling, sourcing, product endorsement, risk behaviours and health outcomes in users. Motivation for IPED use may be grounded in appearance, pursuit of health and youth, and body image disturbance. IPED users can practice moderated use, with pathological use linked to high-risk behaviours, which may be normalised within IPED communities. Many IPED trajectories and pathways of use are not scientifically documented. Much of this information may be available online in IPED specific discussion forums, an underutilised setting for research, where uncensored discourse takes place among users. This review underscores the need for future internet and clinical research to investigate prevalence and patterns of injecting use, and to map health outcomes in IPED users. This paper provides community-based clinical practice and health promotion services with a detailed examination and analysis of the injecting use of IPED, highlighting the patterns of this public health issue. It serves to disseminate updated publication information to health and social policy makers and those in health service practice who are involved in harm reduction intervention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Brennan

Wells

Hout

2016

Health Soc Care Community

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“…Some less predominant reasons for AAS use centred on desire to increase sex drive, weight gain, fat burning, help improve an injury, medical reasons, and for more energy. Literature shows that AAS are used for the improvement of physique, increased muscle mass, strength enhancement, and athletic performance enhancement Brennan et al 2016;Ip et al 2011;Ip et al 2015;Zahnow et al 2018). Masculinity is a social construct, as is femininity, and is associated with specific values and cultural contexts (Darwish, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature

Hearne

Wazaify

Hout

et al. 2020

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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The use of image-and performance-enhancing drugs particularly anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is not a new phenomenon. AAS use is not limited to athletes, with mainstream populations using these drugs for aesthetic purposes. Prevalence has been predominantly in Western countries, with some recent studies indicating a rise in popularity in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A scoping review of extant empirical literature from the Eastern Mediterranean region described and mapped what is known about the extent of AAS in the region. Four themes emerged from the review: (1) profile of AAS users; (2) AAS within gymnasium practice; (3) AAS regimes of use; and (4) knowledge and understanding of the AAS concept and related adverse effects. The review highlights a relatively new phenomenon of AAS use in the Eastern Mediterranean. The review underscores the need to carry out further research, particularly qualitative and quantitative studies with both genders, and cognisant of the complexities of culture and religiosity.

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“…glucocorticoids for asthma) or over-the-counter food supplements [49] . In the wider community, based on stratified random sampling methodology, androgen abuse among non-elite athletes is claimed to begin in high school years [51,52] , but later than for most other illicit drugs [53] , and to mostly subside by the 3rd decade of life [52] , leaving a small subgroup of older androgen abusers with prominent psychological disorders including alcohol and other drug abuse [54] . Recent US surveys suggest that adolescent androgen abuse may have peaked around the turn of the 21st century with decreasing prevalence over the past 15 years [7,52] .…”

Section: Prevalence Of Androgen Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Androgens

Iyer¹,

Handelsman²

2016

Frontiers of Hormone Research

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Androgen abuse is the most potent and prevalent form of sports doping detected. It originated from the early years of the Cold War as an epidemic confined to drug cheating within elite power sports. In the decades following the end of the Cold War, it has become disseminated into an endemic based within the illicit drug subcultures serving recreational abusers seeking cosmetic body sculpting effects. Within sports, both direct androgen abuse (administration of androgens), as well as indirect androgen abuse (administration of nonandrogenic drugs to increase endogenous testosterone), is mostly readily detectable with mass spectrometry-based anti-doping urine tests. The ongoing temptation of fame and fortune and the effectiveness of androgen abuse in power sports continue to entice cheating via renewed approaches aiming to exploit androgens. These require ongoing vigilance, inventiveness in anti-doping science, and targeting coaches as well as athletes in order to build resilience against doping and maintain fairness in elite sport. The challenge of androgen abuse in the community among recreational abusers has barely been recognized and effective approaches remain to be developed.

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Characteristics and Behaviors of Older Male Anabolic Steroid Users

Cited by 38 publications

References 33 publications

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature

Androgens

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