Characteristics and Application of Eugenol in the Production of Epoxy and Thermosetting Resin Composites: A Review

Abstract

The review article presents an analysis of the properties of epoxy and thermosetting resin composites containing eugenol derivatives. Moreover, eugenol properties were characterized using thermogravimeters (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using eugenol derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoset resins, which can be used as eco-friendly high-performance materials. Eugenol has been successfully used in the production of epoxy composites as a component of coupling agents, epoxy monomers, flame retardants, curing agents, and modifiers. In addition, it reduced the negative impact of thermoset composites on the environment and, in some cases, enabled their biodegradation. Eugenol-based silane coupling agent improved the properties of natural filler epoxy composites. Moreover, eugenol flame retardant had a positive effect on the fire resistance of the epoxy resin. In turn, eugenol glycidyl ether (GE) was used as a diluent of epoxy ester resins during the vacuum infusion process of epoxy composites with the glass fiber. Eugenol-based epoxy resin was used to make composites with carbon fiber with enhanced thermomechanical properties. Likewise, resins such as bismaleimide resin, phthalonitrile resin, and palm oil-based resin have been used for the production of composites with eugenol derivatives.

Bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins: synthesis and recycling

“…Eugenol (20), chemically known as 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol, an essential oil extracted from the clove, is a natural phenolic substituted with para-allyl and ortho-methoxy groups. 106 Eugenol-derived phenols (21)(22) can be obtained from eugenol and applied for the synthesis of bio-based EPs. [107][108][109][110] Zhang 108 has prepared a eugenol-based biphenyl bifunctional epoxy monomer (DEUEP) to be cured with 3,3 0 -diaminodiphenylsulfone (33DDS).…”

Synthesis of a Sustainable and Bisphenol A‐Free Epoxy Resin Based on Sorbic Acid and Characterization of the Cured Thermoset

“…As can be seen in Table 1, most promising candidates are phenolic structures such as eugenol, cinnamic acid, vanillin or lignin fragments because of their structural similarity to BPA and high aromaticity. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] These biomolecules usually are reacted with ECH to form the glycidyl ether. [27][28][29][30][31] The same etherification reaction can be applied on bio-based alliphatic polyols like sugars, pentaerythritol, or glycerin.…”

Influence of the Second-Phase Resin Structure on the Interfacial Shear Strength of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin

“…The resulting resins have good dimensional stability, heat resistance, abrasion resistance, electric insulation, etc. [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ], and are widely used in industries such as coatings, aerospace, electrical and electronics, insulating materials, adhesives, and more [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. However, typical problems of conventional epoxy resins after curing include brittleness, poor impact resistance, vulnerability to cracking, etc., which can make it difficult to meet the application requirements of aerospace and other engineering and technical industries.…”