Characteristic site disturbance due to harvesting and extraction machinery traffic on sensitive forest sites with peat soils

Nugent, Ciaran; Kanali, Christopher; Owende, Philip; Nieuwenhuis, Maarten; Ward, Shane

doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00628-x

Cited by 72 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although additional passes on the soils are unlikely to increase the bulk density, the continued trafficking of adjacent soil when wet did cause some rutting . Once this initial compaction is complete, further compaction is resisted by the increasing soil strength and is therefore considerably slower (Williamson, Neilsen 2000;Nugent et al 2003;Horn et al 2004). Therefore these results are in accordance with results of Jansson and Johansson (1988), Grigal (2000), Bygdén et al (2004) and Ampoorter et al (2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground based operation effects on soil disturbance by steel tracked skidder in a steep slope of forest

Agherkakli¹,

Najafi²,

Sadeghi³

2010

J. For. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:In this study, the effects of slope and traffic intensity on soil compaction, rutting and forest floor removal was evaluated on a skid trail in the natural forest of north of Iran. Combination of two levels of slope < 20% (SC1) and > 20% (SC2) and three levels of traffic (one, five and nine traffics) were studied. Treatment plots, with three replications, were established on the skid trail prior to skidding. The results of this study showed that all bulk densities were considerably higher in SC2 than in SC1 and average soil bulk densities were measured from 1.07 (g•cm -3 ) to 1.23 (g•cm -3 ) on skid trail and 0.91 (g•cm -3 ) in undisturbed areas. With the increment of traffic, soil compaction increased but there was no significant difference among the three levels of traffic frequency in SC1 whereas it was significant between one and five cycles in SC2. Greatest rut depth was measured as 12 cm at nine traffics in SC2, although increase of traffic density caused deeper rut depth at all slope treatments, but it was higher at the SC2 in comparison to SC1. Litter mass decreased considerably on the skid trail with the increasing in slope and traffic. No important difference has been detected between SC1 and SC2 in terms of Litter mass removal. These results provide clear evidence that soil disturbance on steep trail is intensified. 279Several studies have examined the relationship between soil disturbance and the associated number of loaded machine passes. The majority of previous studies investigated the effects of wheeled skidders on soil disturbance while a few studies assessed the impacts of steel tracked skidders whereas in many forest areas, particularly in steep terrain with large trees and high precipitation rates, these machines are likely to remain the most common type of skidding machine used.In mountainous and steep areas, the terrain slope is an important factor that affects operational efficiency, costs and erosion. It may also affect the soil compaction, so in planning forest operations and aligning skid trails the terrain slope may be an important consideration for protecting soil resources (Jamshidi et al. 2008).The objectives of this investigation were to (1) assess the soil disturbance after ground based logging by a steel tracked skidder and (2) determine the effects of slope on the soil disturbance in a skid trail. MATERIAL AND METHODSA field study was conducted at a Forestry Experimental Station of Tarbiat Modares University, located in a temperate forest in the north of Iran, between 36°31'56''N and 36°32'11''N latitudes and 51°47'49''E and 51°47'56''E longitudes, in February 2008. The elevation is approximately 650 m a.s.l. with western aspect, while the average annual rainfall of 1,308 mm has been recorded.The natural vegetation is a deciduous forest with dominant species of hornbeam (Carpinus betulus [L.]) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky).Soil samples for detecting the soil texture were collected at ten random points from the top of the 50 cm deep soil profile from an undistu...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground based operation effects on soil disturbance by steel tracked skidder in a steep slope of forest

Agherkakli¹,

Najafi²,

Sadeghi³

2010

J. For. Sci.

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“…In particular, machine trafficking causes soil compaction (Jamshidi et al 2008) and rutting, and is one of the major sources of humaninduced forest soil degradation (Gomez et al 2002, Bagheri et al 2013). The pressure exerted by loaded vehicles moving through the forest is a major factor causing compaction and rut formation (McNabb et al 2001, Alakukku et al 2003, Nugent et al 2003, Eliasson 2005. In the last decades, the weights of forestry machines have increased, thus raising new concern over forest soil degradation (Sheridan 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating machine impact on strip roads via close-range photogrammetry and soil parameters: a case study in central Italy

Cambi¹,

Giannetti²,

Bottalico³

et al. 2018

iForest

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Several studies have been carried out to investigate soil compaction and rutting after logging vehicle traffic, based on time consuming and punctual field measurements. The objective of this study was to measure soil disturbances with two methods: (i) a new, image-based models derived by a structure-frommotion (SfM) photogrammetry approach; and (ii) a traditional soil sampling (bulk density and shear strength). Two trails were selected in a logging area (central Italy), one trafficked by a forwarder (FT) and one trafficked by a skidder (ST). Data collection was conducted before, during and after timber extraction. Image-based models derived by SfM photogrammetry was used to highlight the differences in the shape and distribution of the disturbances along ST and FT. Results showed that the physical parameters of soil significantly changed due to both FT and ST traffic. Machine passes increased bulk density (111% and 31% for FT and ST, respectively), penetration resistance (29% and 24% for FT and ST, respectively) and shear resistance (14% and 6% for FT and ST, respectively), whereas porosity decreased (46% and 9% for FT and ST, respectively). Significant differences between FT and ST were found when comparing ruts removal and bulges with SfM photogrammetry. After logging, FT clearly showed ruts and bulges, whereas in ST ruts and bulges were not visible, but soil displacement in the direction of extraction was evident and measurable. Nevertheless, although our result shows a larger soil disturbance caused by forwarders than skidders, it is not possible to draw any general conclusions about differences between the two machines. Data about the machine passes, or the wood volumes transported over each trial area were not available; therefore, any general conclusion is misleading. SfM photogrammetry give information not available via traditional methods, thus improving impact assessment.

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“…During timber harvesting the degree of soil compaction depends on various factors including: site and soil characteristics (Ampoorter et al, 2007) such as soil texture (Rohand et al, 2004), Soil moisture (Greacen and Sands, 1980), the number of machine passes (Wang et al, 2007), harvesting system (Froehlich et al, 1985), type of machine (Susnjar et al, 2006), and its characteristics includes: mass of vehicles and loads (Krag et al, 1986, Nugent et al, 2003, type, number of wheel and the inflation pressure of the tire (Eliasson, 2005), amount of logging slash (Eliasson and Wasterlund, 2007), organic matter (Rohand et al, 2004). The most of the soil compaction occurs during the first ten passes of a vehicle with the most occurring in the first three trips (Froehlich et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of tree-length timber skidding on soil compaction in the skid trail in Hyrcanian forests

Jourgholami¹,

Majnounain

Abari³

2014

For. syst.

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Aim of study: The study was conducted to examine impact of skidding traffic, trail slope, traffic frequency, and soil depth on the soil bulk density.Area of study: This study was carried out in the Kheyrud Forest in Hyrcanian forest, Iran. Material and methods:The level of soil compaction at eight levels of traffic (1, 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 passes), four levels of skid trail slopes (0, 10, -10, and -20%) and three soil depth (5, 15, 25 cm) were applied in three replicates consequently. Bulk densities were measured on the undisturbed surface (control) and within the tracks. Timbers were extracted in the tree-length logging method using rubber-tired skidder (Timberjack 450 C).Main results: About 5.2% of total area of harvesting unit were disturbed and compacted. Uphill skidding increases compaction more than downhill skidding. In the four different slopes, the highest increasing of the bulk density was occurred during the first few passes of skidder, although the bulk density continued to increase in amount and depth with the number of passes. The increases in bulk density were still important at the maximum sampling depth of 20-30 cm.Research highlights: The results indicated that slope steepness had a strong effect on the soil physical properties and soil disturbance. Designated skid trails should be used to minimize the influence on the forest soil.

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Characteristic site disturbance due to harvesting and extraction machinery traffic on sensitive forest sites with peat soils

Cited by 72 publications

References 9 publications

Ground based operation effects on soil disturbance by steel tracked skidder in a steep slope of forest

Ground based operation effects on soil disturbance by steel tracked skidder in a steep slope of forest

Estimating machine impact on strip roads via close-range photogrammetry and soil parameters: a case study in central Italy

Effects of tree-length timber skidding on soil compaction in the skid trail in Hyrcanian forests

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