electrode in Na-ion batteries is also advantageous to the cost reduction, while copper foil is necessary in Li-ion batteries. [30,31] Studies on room-temperature Na-ion batteries have started since 1970s and electrochemical properties of Na//Na x CoO 2 and Na//TiS 2 cells were reported in 1980 [32,33] when that of Li//LiCoO 2 was also first reported. [34] Then, Li-ion batteries was commercialized in 1991. In principle, Li-ion batteries consist of a Li-containing material such as LiCoO 2 as a positive electrode material and a Li-insertion material such as carbon as a negative one. On charge process, Li + ions move from the posi tive to negative electrode through electrolyte solution with simultaneous movement of electrons through an external circuit. A discharge process proceeds in the opposite direction. Li + ions and electrons come back to the positive electrode on the discharge. For ease in handling, Licontaining materials are utilized for the positive and non-Li ones for the negative electrode. Li-ion batteries have attracted much attention as high-voltage rechargeable batteries. On the other hand, Na-ion batteries essentially consist of the same technology with Li-ion batteries, except charge carriers. Na-containing materials are used for the positive and non-Na ones for the negative electrode. Na//Na x CoO 2 , however, shows working voltage ≈1 V lower than Li//LiCoO 2 , resulting in lower energy density. [35] As a result, Na-ion batteries have never been commercialized so far. [18] Indeed, Allied Corp. in USA, Showa Denko K. K., and Hitachi, Ltd. in Japan had collaborative work on Na-ion batteries and filed patents of Na-Pb alloy//γ-Na x CoO 2 cells [36][37][38][39] exhibiting good cycle stability but they had never commercialized the Na-ion batteries. The Na-Pb alloy//γ-Na x CoO 2 cells needed presodiation process for the Pb negative electrode. Therefore, primary drawback of Na-ion batteries was no candidates as practical negative electrode materials without Na predoping. Now, nongraphitizable carbon, so called hard carbon, is known to deliver large reversible capacity with good capacity retention. [40,41] Thus, secondary issue is low working potential of positive electrode materials. Open circuit potential of αand γ-Na x CoO 2 in Na cells is lower than that of α-NaFeO 2 type LiCoO 2 in the Li cell at the end of discharge. Indeed, standard redox potential of Na metal is lower than that of Li metal by ≈0.3 V. [42,43] The difference is, however, much smaller than that between Na x CoO 2 and LiCoO 2 at the end of discharge (ΔV ≈ 1.5 V), [14] which is probably due to larger ionic size and lower Lewis acidity of Na + in comparison to Li + as already discussed by Goodenough and Mizushima et al. in 1980. [35] Since our group demonstrated hard carbon//NaNi 1/2 Mn 1/2 O 2 full cells exhibiting acceptable cycle stability in 2009 [44] and Sodium 3d transition metal oxides for Na-ion batteries have attracted attention of battery researchers because of their new chemistries and abundant material resources in the eart...