Characteristic of immobilized cephalosporin C acylase and its application in one-step enzymatic conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid

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In a stirred tank reactor, during catalysis with immobilized cephalosporin C acylase (CCA), the microenvironmental pH dropped to 7.2 in a nonbuffered system (with the pH maintained at 8.5 by adding alkali) due to the existence of diffusional resistance. Moreover, the immobilized CCA only catalyzed five batch reactions, suggesting that the sharp pH gradient impaired the enzyme stability. To buffer the protons produced in the hydrolysis of cephalosporin C by CCA, phosphate and bicarbonate buffers were introduced. When CCA was catalyzed with 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate buffer, no obvious gradient between the bulk solution and intraparticle pH was detected, and the catalysis of 15 batch reactions was achieved. Accordingly, with 0.2 M ammonium bicarbonate buffer in a packed bed reactor, the immobilized CCA exhibited continuous catalysis with high conversion rates (≥95%) for 21 days. Reactions with ammonium bicarbonate buffer showed significant increases in the stability and catalytic efficiency of the immobilized CCA in different reactors compared to those in nonbuffered systems.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Application of ammonium bicarbonate buffer as a smart microenvironmental pH regulator of immobilized cephalosporin C acylase catalysis in different reactors

Chang

Tong

Luo

et al. 2019

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Immobilization and stabilization of cephalosporin C acylase on aminated support by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and further modifying with aminated macromolecules

Luo

et al. 2015

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In this work, cephalosporin C acylase (CA), a heterodimeric enzyme of industrial potential in direct hydrolysis of cephalosporin C (CPC) to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), was covalently immobilized on the aminated support LX1000-HA (HA) with two different protocols. The stability of CA adsorbed onto the HA support followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (HA-CA-glut) was better than that of the CA covalently immobilized on the glutaraldehyde preactivated HA support (HA-glut-CA). The thermostabilization factors (compared with the free enzyme) of these two immobilized enzymes were 11.2-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. In order to improve the stability of HA-CA-glut, a novel strategy based on postimmobilization modifying with aminated molecules was developed to take advantage of the glutaraldehyde moieties left on the enzyme and support. The macromolecules, such as polyethyleneimine (PEI) and chitosan, had larger effects than small molecules on the thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme perhaps due to crosslinking of the enzymes and support with each other. The quaternary structure of the CA could be much stabilized by this novel approach including physical adsorption on aminated support, glutaraldehyde treatment, and macromolecule modification. The HA-CA-glut-PEI20000 (the HA-CA-glut postmodified with PEI Mw = 20,000) had a thermostabilization factor of 20-fold, and its substrate affinity (Km = 14.3 mM) was better than that of HA-CA-glut (Km = 33.4 mM). The half-life of the immobilized enzymes HA-CA-glut-PEI20000 under the CPC-catalyzing conditions could reach 28 cycles, a higher value than that of HA-CA-glut (21 cycles).

Effect of shaking speed on immobilization of cephalosporin C acylase: Correlation between protein distribution and properties of the immobilized enzymes

Liu

Tong

Sun

et al. 2020

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During enzyme immobilization, enzyme activity and protein distribution are affected by various factors such as enzyme load, temperature, and pH. In general, two types of protein distribution patterns (heterogeneous or homogeneous) are observed inside a porous carrier, owing to differences in preparation parameters. During the immobilization of a fusion protein (CCApH) of cephalosporin C acylase (CCA) and pHluorin (a pH-sensitive mutant of green fluorescent protein), different shaking speeds induced obvious differences in protein distribution on an epoxy carrier, LX-1000EPC. Enzyme immobilization with a homogeneous distribution pattern was observed at a low shaking speed (120 rpm) with an operational stability of 10 batches at 37 C. The operational stability of an immobilisate with heterogeneous protein distribution prepared at a high shaking speed (200 rpm) was six batches. Given the pH-sensitive characteristics of pHluorin in the fusion protein, the intraparticle pH of CCApH immobilisates during catalysis was monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The microenvironmental pH of the immobilisate with heterogeneous protein distribution sharply decreased by about 2 units; this decrease in the pH may be detrimental to the lifespan of immobilized CCA. Thus, this work demonstrates the good operational stability of pH-sensitive proton-forming immobilized enzymes with homogeneous protein distribution.