Characterising Hydroxyapatite Deposited from Solution onto Novel Substrates: Growth Mechanism and Physical Properties

Abstract

Whilst titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chrome alloys are the most common materials for use in orthopaedic implant devices, there are significant advantages in moving to alternative non-metallic substrates. Substrates such as polymers may have advantageous mechanical biological properties whilst other substrates may bring unique capability. A key challenge in the use of non-metal products is producing substrates which can be modified to allow the formation of well-adhered hydroxyapatite films which promote osteointegration and have other beneficial properties. In this work, we aim to develop methodology for the growth of hydroxyapatite films on surfaces other than bulk metallic parts using a wet chemical coating process, and we provide a detailed characterisation of the coatings. In this study, hydroxyapatite is grown from saturated solutions onto thin titanium films and silicon substrates and compared to results from titanium alloy substrates. The coating process efficacy is shown to be dependent on substrate roughness, hydrophilicity, and activation. The mechanism of the hydroxyapatite growth is investigated in terms of initial attachment and morphological development using SEM and XPS analysis. XPS analysis reveals the exact chemical state of the hydroxyapatite compositional elements of Ca, P, and O. The characterisation of grown hydroxyapatite layers by XRD reveals that the hydroxyapatite forms from amorphous phases, displaying preferential crystal growth along the [002] direction, with TEM imagery confirming polycrystalline pockets amid an amorphous matrix. SEM-EDX and FTIR confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite phases through elemental atomic weight percentages and bond assignment. All data are collated and reviewed for the different substrates. The results demonstrate that once hydroxyapatite seeds, it crystallises in the same manner as bulk titanium whether that be on a titanium or silicon substrate. These data suggest that a range of substrates may be coated using this facile hydroxyapatite deposition technique, just broadening the choice of substrate for a particular function.

Electrospun Scaffolds of Polylactic Acid, Collagen, and Amorphous Calcium Phosphate for Bone Repair

“…These peaks indicate calcium's binding to phosphate groups, which is in line with the literature. This confirms the presence of hydroxyapatite in the scaffold, as calcium is found in a chemical environment common to calcium phosphates [45,46].…”

Biomimetic Mineralized Hydroxyapatite–Fish-Scale Collagen/Chitosan Nanofibrous Membranes Promote Osteogenesis for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

“…The HAp-FCOL/CS membrane exhibited significantly higher Ca and P signals, along with increased CPS and smoother spectral lines (Figure A,B), suggesting enhanced mineral growth. The binding energy data revealed that the HAp-FCOL/CS membrane showed a P 2p 3/2 peak at 132.6 eV, indicative of HAp phosphates . The Ca 2p 3/2 peak at the lower binding energies of 347.0 and 350.4 eV, indicated the deposition of calcium phosphate (Figure A).…”

“…The Ca 2p and P 2p core scan of FCOL/CS membrane showed Ca and P detection at a low level (Figure D,E), consistent with EDS mapping results (Figure S2). The low concentration of Ca can be attributed to contamination or limited uptake from the colloidal solution …”

Development of Hydroxyapatite Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants from Colloidal Solutions: Part 1—Effect of Solution Concentration and Deposition Kinetics

“…Solution-based HA processes highlight a requirement to regulate the ionic strength of solutions [16][17][18][19]. Chemical precipitation is advantageous in forming HA nanoparticles and nano-powders because the phases of HA can be controlled during this process, but it has not yet been extensively explored as a coating technique [20][21][22][23][24][25]. Similarly, precipitation of Ca 2+ and PO 4 3− ions out of a solution onto a surface to form a HA layer has been achieved with relevant precursors under specific conditions of pH and temperature on collagen or bone interfaces [26,27].…”