Characterising foliage influence on LoRaWAN pathloss in a tropical vegetative environment

Ansah, Margaret Richardson; Sowah, Robert A.; Melià-Seguí, Joan; Katsriku, Ferdinand Apietu; Vilajosana, Xavier; Owusu-Banahene, Wiafe

doi:10.1049/iet-wss.2019.0201

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The maximum coverage or range of LoRa technology using SF12 in environments with dense vegetation is 2 km, while the minimum is 250 m, according to studies [ 28 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions

Lima,

Lopes,

Cardoso

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Designing and deploying telecommunications and broadcasting networks in the challenging terrain of the Amazon region pose significant obstacles due to its unique morphological characteristics. Within low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), this research study introduces a comprehensive approach to modeling large-scale propagation loss channels specific to the LoRaWAN protocol operating at 915 MHz. The objective of this study is to facilitate the planning of Internet of Things (IoT) networks in riverside communities while accounting for the mobility of end nodes. We conducted extensive measurement campaigns along the banks of Universidade Federal do Pará, capturing received signal strength indication (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and geolocated point data across various spreading factors. We fitted the empirical close-in (CI) and floating intercept (FI) propagation models for uplink path loss prediction and compared them with the Okumura–Hata model. We also present a new model for path loss with dense vegetation. Furthermore, we calculated received packet rate statistics between communication links to assess channel quality for the LoRa physical layer (PHY). Remarkably, both CI and FI models exhibited similar behaviors, with the newly proposed model demonstrating enhanced accuracy in estimating radio loss within densely vegetated scenarios, boasting lower root mean square error (RMSE) values than the Okumura–Hata model, particularly for spreading factor 9 (SF9). The radius coverage threshold, accounting for node mobility, was 945 m. This comprehensive analysis contributes valuable insights for the effective deployment and optimization of LoRa-based IoT networks in the intricate environmental conditions of the Amazon region.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions

Lima,

Lopes,

Cardoso

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…Instead of the original free space path loss propagation model used in the simulation, the ITU-T foliage propagation model [29] is used. The formula of ITU-T propagation models is given in (1) 1 Other foliage models [30] as well as free space propagation models can be used depending of the vegetation, terrain con guration, and surrounding area.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling a LoRAWAN Network for Vehicle Wildlife Collision Avoidance System on Rural Roads

Jotanovic,

Jausevac,

Perakovic

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The network of rural roads covers different types of terrain, including forest areas, pastures, arable land and sparsely populated areas. The safety of people and animals is a priority in traffic on these roads. Early detection of pedestrians, animals and other moving objects along the road can significantly reduce the risk of accidents. As part of this research, a sensor system is being developed that can detect characteristics of living things in motion, such as unexpectedly crossing the road without clear signs. Such timely detection of moving objects enables adequate preventive measures and reduces potential traffic accidents. The consequences of traffic accidents of this type can cause serious damage to animals and people property, and road infrastructure. The topicality of this problem at the spatial and seasonal level is emphasized in studies that identify the hotspots of these accidents. Factors such as traffic characteristics and road infrastructure are key to modeling protective systems on rural roads. The presented study investigates the deployment of sensor nodes and LoRAWAN gateways for wildlife detection on rural roads, with the aim of reducing the risk of traffic accidents caused by Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions.

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“…The evaluation of path losses caused by foliage is relevant to network design and planning. Vegetation propagation models, such as ITU-R, FITU-R, and COST 235, are currently available, but these differ considerably from empirical models when compared with field test measurements [50]. This has been the reason why attempts are made to improve such models through linear regressions as in research done in mango greenhouses [47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Model of Radio Wave Propagation in the Presence of Vegetation inside Greenhouses Using Regularized Regressions

Cama-Pinto

Damas

Holgado-Terriza

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Spain is Europe’s leading exporter of tomatoes harvested in greenhouses. The production of tomatoes should be kept and increased, supported by precision agriculture to meet food and commercial demand. The wireless sensor network (WSN) has demonstrated to be a tool to provide farmers with useful information on the state of their plantations due to its practical deployment. However, in order to measure its deployment within a crop, it is necessary to know the communication coverage of the nodes that make up the network. The multipath propagation of radio waves between the transceivers of the WSN nodes inside a greenhouse is degraded and attenuated by the intricate complex of stems, branches, leaf twigs, and fruits, all randomly oriented, that block the line of sight, consequently generating a signal power loss as the distance increases. Although the COST235 (European Cooperation in Science and Technology - COST), ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunication Sector), FITU-R (Fitted ITU-R), and Weisbberger models provide an explanation of the radio wave propagation in the presence of vegetation in the 2.4 GHz ICM band, some significant discrepancies were found when they are applied to field tests with tomato greenhouses. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for determining an empirical model of radio wave attenuation for vegetation in the 2.4 GHz band, which includes the vegetation height as a parameter in addition to the distance between transceivers of WNS nodes. The empirical attenuation model was obtained applying regularized regressions with a multiparametric equation using experimental signal RSSI measurements achieved by our own RSSI measurement system for our field tests in four plantations. The evaluation parameters gave 0.948 for R2, 0.946 for R2 Adj considering 5th grade polynomial (20 parameters), and 0.942 for R2, and 0.940 for R2 Adj when a reduction of parameters was applied using the cross validation (15 parameters). These results verify the rationality and reliability of the empirical model. Finally, the model was validated considering experimental data from other plantations, reaching similar results to our proposed model.

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Characterising foliage influence on LoRaWAN pathloss in a tropical vegetative environment

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions

LoRa Technology Propagation Models for IoT Network Planning in the Amazon Regions

Modeling a LoRAWAN Network for Vehicle Wildlife Collision Avoidance System on Rural Roads

Empirical Model of Radio Wave Propagation in the Presence of Vegetation inside Greenhouses Using Regularized Regressions

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