Characterisation of waterlogged archaeological wood from Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck by multidisciplinary diagnostic methods

Li, Ren; Guo, Juan; Macchioni, Nicola; Pizzo, Benedetto; Xi, Guanglan; Tian, Xiaoyong; Chen, Jiabao; Sun, Jian; Jiang, Xiaomei; Cao, Jinzhen; Zhang, Zhiguo; Yin, Yafang

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2022.05.004

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This change can be attributed to the structure and composition of the shipwreck wood. The inner pores of shipwreck wood were filled with impurities such as putrefaction and inorganic matter [24]. As the soaking time increased, these impurities were gradually extracted, leading to the opening of fluid channels inside the wood [25].…”

Section: Extraction Of Soluble Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ancient Chinese sunken ship Luoyang I had a holocellulose content ranging from 32% to 38% and a lignin content ranging from 53% to 57%. When comparing these two shipwrecks, it was found that the wood from the "Huaguangjiao I" shipwreck has undergone severe degradation and contains a significant number of inorganic substances [1,24]. After extraction, the holocellulose content ranged from 27% to 39%, the lignin content ranged from 41% to 65%, and the ash content ranged from 2% to 8%.…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck

Wang,

2023

Forests

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Shipwreck wood often contains soluble salts and iron sulfides, which pose a threat to its stability. Therefore, desalination treatment must be carried out during protection. In this study, deionized water and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) solution were used to extract soluble salts and iron sulfides from the 511 wood components of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. The extraction lasted for 1120 days, during which extraction progress was monitored by measuring the electrical conductivity and iron content of the soaking solution. The results indicated that the extraction experiment reached its endpoint when the conductivity of the soaking solution was maintained at 80~100 μs/cm and the iron content was maintained at 8~15 mg/L. More than 143.35 kg of iron were extracted from the wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. After extraction, the content of soluble salt ions in the wood were less than 5 μg/g, with an iron content below 5%. The wood has returned to its original color and with a certain degree of degradation. “Huaguangjiao I” was the first large-scale marine shipwreck to complete the desalination treatment of all wooden components. This study provides guidance for the desalination treatment of large-scale wooden shipwrecks.

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Section: Extraction Of Soluble Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck

Wang,

2023

Forests

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“…The results of wood identification revealed that people in the late Ming Dynasty were good at choosing local materials for making boats and ships. Many ancient ships made of Chinese fir woodone of the most common woods used for shipmakinghave been excavated in China (Li et al 2022;Liu et al 2023d).…”

Section: Microscopic Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and analysis of ancient ship wood excavated at Nantong hydraulic site

Gao,

You,

Liao

et al. 2023

BioRes

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The Nantong Ancient Ship refers to an ancient Chinese wooden ship of the late Ming Dynasty excavated in Nantong city in December 2022. This paper identifies the wood and discusses its related analysis. Wood samples extracted from the Nantong Ancient Ship were studied from the viewpoints of anatomy, physics, and chemistry. Microscopic identification results concluded that willow and Chinese fir were the main wood species used to make this ship. The content of holocellulose in the ancient wood was only 37.9 to 38.9%, while the content of lignin was 55.2 to 56.4%. The cellulose crystallinity of ancient wood was 39 to 42% lower than that of healthy recent wood. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that the deterioration of ancient wood caused cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, but no apparent lignin alteration. The results could provide a basis for drawing up a conservation plan for the Nantong Ancient Ship. They could also provide a reference for the research and conservation of other archaeological shipwrecks in China.

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“…Burial environments are usually wet or aquatic, which results in all of the pores of wood remains, including vessels, fibers, and micro capillaries, being entirely filled with water [5,6]. These archaeological woods can be extremely fragile due to various deteriorating factors, such as microbial attacks [7][8][9][10][11], temperature, humidity [7,9], oxygen, and chemical pollutants [7,11]. Hence, their preservation is imperative for maintaining the integrity of wooden artifacts [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Deterioration Degree of Archaeological Wood from Luoyang Canal No. 1 Ancient Ship

Yang,

Ma,

Liu

2024

Forests

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This study provides a detailed investigation of archaeological wood samples from the Luoyang Canal No. 1 site, focusing on wood species identification, physical properties, mechanical property analyses, and morphological examination. The identified wood species, belonging to the Ulmus genus, exhibited a 43% decline in compressive strength in waterlogged environments. Further, the wood exhibited increased moisture content, higher porosity, reduced basic density, and elevated shrinkage rates, indicating a mild level of degradation. X-ray diffraction was employed for the observation of cellulose structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated significant removal of cellulose and hemicellulose components. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding wood degradation mechanisms to evaluate structural integrity and durability in guiding the development of effective preservation strategies for archaeological wood artifacts. Continued research and conservation are crucial to deepen our knowledge of wood deterioration processes and enhance the implementation of preservation techniques.

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Characterisation of waterlogged archaeological wood from Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck by multidisciplinary diagnostic methods

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck

Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck

Identification and analysis of ancient ship wood excavated at Nantong hydraulic site

Evaluation of Deterioration Degree of Archaeological Wood from Luoyang Canal No. 1 Ancient Ship

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