Characterisation of the Major Synthetic Products of the Reactions Between Butanone and Hydrogen Peroxide

Smith, Mark E.; Wall, Craig; Fitzgerald, Mark

doi:10.1002/prep.201100091

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Urea nitrate, TATP and nitrourea were synthesised according to [56], while MEKP and TMDD were synthesised according to [57] and [58]. No attempts were made to purify the synthesised products.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants

DeTata¹,

Collins²,

McKinley³

2013

Forensic Science International

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants

DeTata¹,

Collins²,

McKinley³

2013

Forensic Science International

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“…Sensitiveness to impact was measured using a Rotter Impact apparatus (Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, Australia). The experiment was repeated 50 times utilizing 30 mg samples with a standard drop weight of 2 kg and reported values [Figure of Insensitiveness (F of I)] standardized to cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) (F of I = 80) [19]. Sensitiveness to elevated temperatures [Temperature of Ignition (T of I)] was determined utilizing 50 mg samples (unless stated otherwise) heated (in duplicate) at 5 8C min À1 to decomposition within a shielded heating block.…”

Section: Sensitivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that while a universally accepted classification system to distinguish primary from secondary explosives is yet to be realised, species that are more sensitive to initiating stimuli than PETN may be considered primary explosives, whereas those less sensitive, as secondary explosives. Lead azide is generally considered a sensitive primary explosive [19].…”

Section: Sensitiveness Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crystal Structure, Sensitiveness and Theoretical Explosive Performance of Xylitol Pentanitrate (XPN)

Stark

Alvino

Kirkbride

et al. 2019

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a little‐studied nitrate ester of similar molecular structure to the military energetic materials pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and nitroglycerin (NG). XPN was crystallised from a mixture of ethanol and water by slow evaporation and studied by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. XPN crystallises in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/n, with a calculated density of 1.852 g cm−3. Sensitiveness analysis of the energetic material revealed it to be a primary explosive, significantly more sensitive than PETN to friction and impact. The calculated heat of formation of XPN, −500.48 kJ mol−1, and the density were exploited utilising the Cheetah 7.0 suite of programs to predict explosive performance parameters. The theoretical explosive performance of XPN was comparable to the calculated explosive parameters of erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), PETN and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX).

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“…Rotter Impact analysis of TMDD produced an F of I of 20 (standardized to RDX, F of I = 80, 28 Table 1) from 25 repetitions of the experiment and an average gas evolution of 1 mL. The low average gas evolution was associated with partial initiation of the explosive and was evidenced by residual material in the test crucible.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of the Molecular Structure of Tetramethylene Diperoxide Dicarbamide (TMDD) and Its Sensitiveness Properties

et al. 2015

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Conjecture existed as to the molecular structure of the crystalline organic peroxide reaction product derived from the acidified aqueous mixture of urea, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide. This study used X-ray crystal structure determination to unequivocally define the reaction product as the 14-membered ring structure tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide (TMDD). Crystals of TMDD belong to the monoclinic space group Pc, a = 4.587(4), b = 16.080(2), c = 6.690(5) Å, β = 107.44(5)°. The crystal contains one crystallographically independent molecule with approximate Cs symmetry. Intramolecular π-stacking of the carbonyl groups is a feature, while intermolecular H-bonding between the N-H and C═O functionalities affords linear polymeric strands that is associated with the extremely fine needle crystal morphology that necessitated synchrotron radiation for the structure determination. Sensitiveness testing examining susceptibility to initiate due to heat, impact, friction, and electrostatic stimuli was conducted to gauge the hazards associated with the material. It was revealed to be a primary explosive, particularly susceptible to impact initiation.

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Characterisation of the Major Synthetic Products of the Reactions Between Butanone and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract: a] 28.9 8C, an onset to thermal decomposition at 128 8C, and decomposition energy of 1438 J g À1 .

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants

A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants

Crystal Structure, Sensitiveness and Theoretical Explosive Performance of Xylitol Pentanitrate (XPN)

Confirmation of the Molecular Structure of Tetramethylene Diperoxide Dicarbamide (TMDD) and Its Sensitiveness Properties

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