Characterisation of the Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope

Aiello, S.; Akrame, S.E.; Ameli, F.; Anassontzis, E.G.; André, M.; Androulakis, G.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Ardid, M.; Aublin, J.; Avgitas, T.; Baars, Menno J.; Bagatelas, C.; Barbarino, G. C.; Baret, B.; Barrios-Martí, J.; Belias, A.; Berbee, E.; Berg, Albert van den; Bertín, V.; Biagi, S.; Biagioni, A.; Biernoth, C.; Bormuth, R.; Boumaaza, J.; Bourret, S.; Bouwhuis, M. C.; Bozza, C.; Brânzaş, H.; Briukhanova, N.; Bruijn, R.; Brünner, J.; Buis, E. J.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Calvo, D.; Capone, A.; Caramete, L.; Celli, S.; Chabab, M.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarella, V.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J. A. B.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer-Molla, M.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; D’Onofrio, Antonio; Dallier, R.; Sio, Chiara De; Palma, I. Di; Díaz, Antonio; Distefano, C.; Domi, Alba; Donà, R.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dörr, M.; Durocher, Mora; Eberl, T.; Eijk, D. van; Bojaddaini, I. El; Elsäesser, D.; Enzenhöfer, A.; Ferrara, G.; Fusco, L.; Gal, T.; Garufi, F.; Gauchery, S.; Geißelsöder, S.; Gialanella, L.; Giorgio, Emidio; Giuliante, A.; Gozzini, S. R.; Ruiz, R. Gracia; Graf, Κ.; Grasso, Dario; Grégoire, T.; Grella, G.; Hallmann, S.; Haren, Hans van; Heid, T.; Heijboer, A.; Hekalo, A.; Hernández-Rey, J. J.; Hofestädt, J.; Illuminati, G.; James, C. W.; Jongen, M.; Jongewaard, B.; Jong, M. de; Jong, P. de; Kadler, M.; Kalaczyński, P.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U.; Khan-Chowdhury, N. R.; Kieft, G.; Kießling, D.; Koffeman, E.; Kooijman, P.; Kouchner, A.; Kreter, M.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Lahmann, R.; Breton, R. Le; Leone, F.; Leonora, E.; Levi, G.; Lincetto, Massimiliano; Lonardo, A.; Longhitano, F.; Lotze, Martín; Loucatos, S.; Maggi, G.; Mańczak, J.; Mannheim, K.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Markou, C.; Martin, L.; Martínez-Mora, J. A.; Martini, A.; Marzaioli, Fabio; Mele, R.; Melis, K.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Mijakowski, P.; Miranda, Luis Salvador; Mollo, C.M.; Morganti, M.; Möser, Michael; Moussa, A.; Müller, R.; Musumeci, M.; Nauta, L.; Navas, S.; Nicolau, C. A.; Nielsen, C.; Organokov, M.; Orlando, A.; Panagopoulos, V.; Papalashvili, G.; Papaleo, R.; Păvălaş, G. E.; Pellegrini, G.; Pellegrino, C.; Romero, J. Pérez; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Piattelli, P.; Pikounis, K.; Pisanti, O.; Poirè, C.; Polydefki, G.; Poma, G. E.; Popa, V.; Post, M.; Pradier, T.; Pühlhofer, G.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quinn, L.; Raffaelli, F.; Randazzo, N.; Razzaque, S.; Real, D.; Resvanis, L. K.; Reubelt, J.; Riccobene, G.; Richer, M.; Rovelli, A.; Salvadori, I.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Sánchez-Losa, A.; Sanguineti, M.; Santangelo, A.; Sapienza, P.; Schermer, B.; Sciacca, Virginia; Seneca, J.; Sgura, I.; Shanidze, R.; Sharma, Ankur; Simeone, F.; Sinopoulou, A.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, D.; Steijger, J. J. M.; Stellacci, Francesco; Strandberg, B.; Stransky, D.; Stüven, T.; Taiuti, M.; Tatone, Francesca; Tayalati, Y.; Tenllado, E.; Thakore, T.; Timmer, P.; Trovato, A.; Tsagkli, S.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Tzanetatos, D.; Valieri, C.; Vallage, B.; Elewyck, V. Van; Versari, F.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Volkert, M.; Waardt, L. de; Wilms, J.; Wolf, E. de; Zaborov, D.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zúñiga, J.

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/13/05/p05035

Cited by 36 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Random optical background hits are added according to single hit and coincidence rates observed in data. The PMT response is then simulated according to the measured transit time distribution [17] and PMT parameters (photon detection efficiency, gain and gain-spread). In this, the PMT photon detection efficiencies can either be set to the nominal value, or to the measured values using the calibration procedure described in Sect.…”

Section: Monte Carlo Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of atmospheric muon flux on seawater depth measured with the first KM3NeT detection units

et al. 2020

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KM3NeT is a research infrastructure located in the Mediterranean Sea, that will consist of two deep-sea Cherenkov neutrino detectors. With one detector (ARCA), the KM3NeT Collaboration aims at identifying and studying TeV–PeV astrophysical neutrino sources. With the other detector (ORCA), the neutrino mass ordering will be determined by studying GeV-scale atmospheric neutrino oscillations. The first KM3NeT detection units were deployed at the Italian and French sites between 2015 and 2017. In this paper, a description of the detector is presented, together with a summary of the procedures used to calibrate the detector in-situ. Finally, the measurement of the atmospheric muon flux between 2232–3386 m seawater depth is obtained.

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Section: Monte Carlo Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of atmospheric muon flux on seawater depth measured with the first KM3NeT detection units

et al. 2020

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“…In the case of the prepulsing probabilities, the average is 0.26 % and the standard deviation 0.09 %. This is a higher value than the average of 0.2 % presented in [8]. However, in this work a more conservative time interval was chosen.…”

Section: D2 Probability Of Correlated Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In this work we considered pulses arriving inside a time window between 60.5 ns and 5 ns prior to the regular signal. This is a more conservative range than the one used in [8] of −60.5 ns to −10.5 ns .…”

Section: D2 Probability Of Correlated Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Elorrieta

Classen²,

Reubelt³

et al. 2019

J. Inst.

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A: We present a detailed characterisation of the new Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD 3-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) which is under consideration for the use in segmented optical modules of deep-ice neutrino detectors at the South Pole. Because of the significantly lower operation-temperature range compared to standard applications, a focus of our studies lies on the investigation of the temperature dependence of background characteristics (dark count rate, probability of correlated pulses), timing properties, gain and peak-to-valley ratio of this PMT type. In addition, the performance of the "HA coating" intended for background reduction was tested, as well as the influence of conductive objects near the photocathode like reflectors on the PMT noise rate. A low background rate is of particular importance as the deep ice at the South Pole features negligible optical background. We find that the new PMT type is well suited for the intended applications. K: Cherenkov detectors, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum)

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“…These PMTs are shown in pictures Fig.2. The 3" R14374 Hamamatsu is the same PMT used in the Km3NeT experiment [3], otherwise the other 3.5" candidates are in development and in need of accurate measurements from various sources. The results described in this proceeding have been performed at Queen Mary University of London, using a setup shown in Fig.3.…”

Section: Outer Detector Photosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Area Photo-Detection System Using 3-inch PMTs for the Hyper-Kamiokande Outer Detector

Zsoldos

2019

Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on New Photon-Detectors (PD18)

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Hyper-Kamiokande, scheduled to begin construction as soon as 2020, is a next generation underground water Cherenkov detector, based on the highly successful Super-Kamiokande experiment. It will serve as a far detector, 295 km away, of a long baseline neutrino experiment for the upgraded J-PARC beam in Japan. It will also be a detector capable of observingfar beyond the sensitivity of the Super-Kamiokande detector -proton decay, atmospheric neutrinos, and neutrinos from astronomical sources. An Outer Detector (OD) consisting of PMTs mounted behind the inner detector PMTs and facing outwards to view the outer shell of the cylindrical tank, would provide topological information to identify interactions originating from particles outside the inner detector. Any optimization would lead to a significant improvement for the physics goals of the experiment, which are the measurement of the CP leptonic phase and the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy. An original setup using small 3 PMTs is being designed for the Hyper-Kamiokande OD. They would give better redundancy, spatial, and angular resolution, as they would be twice or three times more photosensors that the original 8 design proposal of the experiment, and for a reduce cost. Several 3 PMTs candidates considered for the Hyper-Kamiokande OD have been characterized at Queen Mary University London. They all show a very low dark counts and good collection efficiency, which makes them excellent choice to be used in the experiment.

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Characterisation of the Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope

Cited by 36 publications

References 8 publications

Dependence of atmospheric muon flux on seawater depth measured with the first KM3NeT detection units

Dependence of atmospheric muon flux on seawater depth measured with the first KM3NeT detection units

Characterisation of the Hamamatsu R12199-01 HA MOD photomultiplier tube for low temperature applications

Large Area Photo-Detection System Using 3-inch PMTs for the Hyper-Kamiokande Outer Detector

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