Characterisation of Lignin from Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Cell Walls of the Maize Internode

Chesson, Andrew; Provan, Gordon J.; Russell, Wendy; Scobbie, Lorraine; Chabbert, Brigitte; Monties, Bernard

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199701)73:1<10::aid-jsfa697>3.0.co;2-e

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Based on the analysis of isolated lignins and whole cell walls, p-coumarate can comprise up to 20% of the lignin in some C4 grass tissues HatWeld et al 1999). p-Coumarate concentrations vary considerably between tissues, with extremely low levels in mesophyll and epidermis and moderate to high levels in pith parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues (Gordon et al 1985;Chesson et al 1997;HatWeld et al 1999). p-Coumarate esters on lignin are thought to form few cross-linked structures mediated by radical coupling reactions and most remain as terminal units with an unsaturated side chain and a free phenolic group .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Thus, while ferulates can act as initiation sites for ligniWcation (Ralph et al 1995;Grabber et al 2002) and both p-coumarate and ferulate esters enhance sinapyl alcohol oxidation (Takahama et al 1996;HatWeld et al 1997), they do not-at least under the conditions employed here-have much impact on syringyl-lignin formation in cell walls. Thus unknown factors, absent from primary cell walls (or at least absent from our primary wall model), promote syringyl lignin formation, particularly as observed in secondary maize cell walls (Chesson et al 1997). Table 5 Concentrations of lignin and alkali-labile p-hydroxycinnamates in maize pith cell walls and isolated maize lignin after H 2 O 2 treatment or artiWcial ligniWcation with H 2 O 2 and sinapyl alcohol (SA) or coniferyl alcohol (CA) a Concentrations (mg/g cell wall) of ferulate, diferulate, and p-coumarate were adjusted to account for changes in mass due to polymerization of monolignols into cell walls b Concentrations (mg/g lignin) are averaged over reactions carried out in buVer (pH 5.5) or buVer:dioxane (1:1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols

Grabber

2007

Planta

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Grass cell walls are atypical because their xylans are acylated with ferulate and lignins are acylated with p-coumarate. To probe the role and interactions of these p-hydroxycinnamates during lignification, feruloylated primary cell walls isolated from maize cell suspensions were lignified with coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols and with varying levels of p-coumarate esters. Ferulate xylan esters enhanced the formation of wall-bound syringyl lignin more than methyl p-coumarate, however, maximal concentrations of syringyl lignin were only one-third that of guaiacyl lignin. Including sinapyl p-coumarate, the presumed precursor of p-coumaroylated lignins, with monolignols unexpectedly accelerated peroxidase inactivation, interfered with ferulate copolymerization into lignin, and had minimal or adverse effects on cell wall lignification. Free phenolic groups of p-coumarate esters in isolated maize lignin and pith cell walls did not undergo oxidative coupling with each other or with added monolignols. Thus, the extensive formation of syringyl-rich lignins and the functional role of extensive lignin acylation by p-coumarate in grasses remains a mystery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols

Grabber

2007

Planta

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“…Sinapic acid was long thought to be an intermediate in the formation of the syringyl (S) unit of lignin, but this now appears dubious in the light of recent evidence indicating that the ring hydroxylation and methylation steps of S monolignol biosynthesis take place at the aldehyde and alcohol levels, rather than at the level of the free acid (Humphreys et al 1999;Osakabe et al 1999;Parvathi et al 2001). Acetosyringone may in fact be released from the lignin fraction, in which it has been proposed to exist as an 8-O-4-linked unit with a ketone group at C7 (Chesson et al 1997), by alkaline hydrolysis such as performed in the present work. The exact origin of the ketone group in acetosyringone or its putative precursor is, however, not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Over-expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase leads to increased accumulation of acetosyringone in elicited tobacco cell-suspension cultures

Blount

Masoud

Sumner

et al. 2002

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Cell-suspension cultures were produced from transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants harboring a constitutively expressed alfalfa cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) transgene. Increased levels of C4H enzyme activity in the transgenic cultures were observed only following exposure of the cells to yeast elicitor, although alfalfa C4H transcripts were expressed at a high level from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in the absence of elicitation. Increased expression of C4H in elicited cell-suspension cultures had no appreciable effect on the HPLC profiles of soluble phenolic compounds. However, levels of one compound, subsequently identified as 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy acetophenone (acetosyringone), were strongly elevated in the wall-bound phenolic fraction. The results are discussed in relation to the correlation between C4H activity and the synthesis of 3,5-dimethylated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in tobacco.

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“…It was estimated that the wall content of the thick-walled cells accounts for 80% of the dry weight of the internodes in sorghum [14]. The parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell walls of switchgrass and maize differ widely in the concentration of lignin and p-CA and in the ratios of xylose to arabinose and p-CA to FA [15,16]. Our results show, even within one internode, that the stem cellular structures from different sections are quite different at certain developmental stages.…”

Section: Stem Cellular Structures Changes Of Switchgrass Internodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Control of Lignification in Stems of Lowland Switchgrass Variety Alamo and the Effects on Saccharification Efficiency

et al. 2009

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The switchgrass variety Alamo has been chosen for genome sequencing, genetic breeding, and genetic engineering by the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) and the US Department of Energy BioEnergy Science Center. Lignin has been considered as a major obstacle for cellulosic biofuel production from switchgrass biomass. The purpose of this study was to provide baseline information on cell wall development in different parts of developing internodes of tillers of switchgrass cultivar Alamo and evaluate the effect of cell wall properties on biomass saccharification. Cell wall structure, soluble and wall-bound phenolics, and lignin content were analyzed from the top, middle, and bottom parts of internodes at different developmental stages using ultraviolet autofluorescence microscopy, histological staining methods, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The examination of different parts of the developing internodes revealed differences in the stem structure during development, in the levels of free and well-bound phenolic compounds and lignin content, and in lignin pathwayrelated gene expression, indicating that the monolignol biosynthetic pathway in switchgrass is under complex spatial and temporal control. Our data clearly show that there was a strong negative correlation between overall lignin content and biomass saccharification efficiency. The ester-linked p-CA/FA ratio showed a positive correlation with lignin content and a negative correlation with sugar release. Our data provide baseline information to facilitate genetic modification of switchgrass recalcitrance traits for biofuel production.

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Characterisation of Lignin from Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Cell Walls of the Maize Internode

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols

Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols

Over-expression of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase leads to increased accumulation of acetosyringone in elicited tobacco cell-suspension cultures

Developmental Control of Lignification in Stems of Lowland Switchgrass Variety Alamo and the Effects on Saccharification Efficiency

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