Characterisation of <i>Ramularia collo‐cygni</i> laboratory mutants resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors

Piotrowska, Monika Joanna; Fountaine, J. M.; Ennos, Richard A.; Kaczmarek, Maciej; Burnett, F. J.

doi:10.1002/ps.4442

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…However, resistance due to target site gene substitutions was detected after a few years, first in the barley diseases net-blotch and Ramularia leaf blotch and later in the wheat pathogen Z. tritici. 7,10,57 Meanwhile, the first-generation DMI compounds came off-patent and became economically viable for use on cereals in situations yielding as low as 2 t ha −1 and were used in most wheat-growing areas worldwide. 58,59 Although fungicide resistance was noted in an ever-increasing list of diseases, pathogens causing rusts remained unaffected until noticed in the South American Asian soybean rust epidemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High frequency of fungicide resistance‐associated mutations in the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Cook

Chng

Woodman

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Reliance on fungicides to manage disease creates selection pressure for the evolution of resistance in fungal and oomycete pathogens. Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are major pathogens of cereals and other crops and have been classified as low-risk for developing resistance to fungicides; no case offield failure of fungicides in a cereal rust diseasehas yet been recorded. Recently, the Asian soybean rust pathogen, Phakopsora pachyrhizi evolved resistance to several fungicide classes, prompting us to screen a large sample of the globally widespread wheat yellow rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), for mutations associated with fungicide resistance. RESULTS: We evaluated 363 Pst isolates from Europe, the USA, Ethiopia, Chile, China and New Zealand for mutations in the target genes of demethylase inhibitor (DMI; Cyp51) and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI; SdhB, SdhC and SdhD) fungicides. A high proportion of Pst isolates carrying a Y134F DMI resistance-associated substitution in the Cyp51 gene was found among those from China and New Zealand. A set of geographically diverse Pst isolates was also found to display a substitution in SdhC (I85V) that is homologous to that reported recently in P. pachyrhizi and linked to SDHI resistance. CONCLUSION:The identification of resistance-associated alleles confirms that cereal rusts are not immune to fungicide resistance and that selection for resistance evolution is operating at high levels in certain locations. It highlights the need to adopt fungicide resistance management practices and to monitor cereal rust species for development of resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High frequency of fungicide resistance‐associated mutations in the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Cook

Chng

Woodman

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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“…As the diversity and efficacy of available disease management tools are becoming more limited due to legislative issues regarding fungicide registrations (Hillocks, 2012) combined with changes in pathogen populations resulting in less effective chemical control (Phelan et al, 2016;Matusinsky et al, 2011;Piotrowska et al, 2016;Bäumler et al, 2003;Wyand and Brown, 2005) and varietal resistance (Brown, 2015) alternative plant protection products are needed to protect crop yields. Compounds that can induce the plant defence response have received a lot of attention with mixed results on disease control (McGrann et al, 2016;Oxley and Walters, 2012;Walters et al, 2009;2011a;2011b;2013) whereas less attention has been directed to the use of film-forming polymers as plant protection products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fungal isolates exhibiting resistance to fungicides have been characterised for many important crop pathogens including the major pathogens on spring barley one of the most important crops in Scotland. Isolates insensitive to different fungicide active ingredients have been reported for Rhynchosporium commune (Phelan et al, 2016), Ramularia collo-cygni (Matusinsky et al, 2011;Piotrowska et al, 2016) and Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei (Bäumler et al, 2003;Wyand and Brown, 2005), the fungal pathogens responsible for Rhynchosporium scald, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) and powdery mildew diseases of barley, respectively. Use of fungicides to control crop diseases is also at risk from EU legislation which aims to reduce fungicide inputs and may result in the removal of important active ingredients from use in agriculture (Hillocks, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-field assessment of an arabinoxylan polymer on disease control in spring barley

et al. 2018

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With the threat of certain plant protection products becoming ineffective due to reduced pathogen sensitivity to fungicides or through the removal of products due to changes in legislation, alternative compounds are sought for use in disease management programmes.The effects of an arabinoxylan film-forming polymer derived from maize cell walls to control crop diseases of spring barley was assessed in field experiments. Control of powdery mildew, Rhynchosporium scald, and Ramularia leaf spot on barley was achieved with the polymer but control was inconsistent between trials. However, good levels of disease control were observed when the polymer was applied with a reduced fungicide programme. No yield penalties were associated with use of the polymer in any trial irrespective of the level of disease control. Alternative plant protection products such as this arabinoxylan polymer may be useful components in future integrated disease management strategies aimed at reducing fungicide inputs without any cost to disease control. Highlights• Disease management using an arabinoxylan polymer were assessed • Polymer-mediated control varied between sites, year, crop variety and disease• Combined polymer plus reduced fungicide application offered more consistent control• No yield penalties were associated with polymer applications • Polymers may be useful as an early treatment in integrated disease management

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“…Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) poses a major risk in barley production, particularly in important barley growing regions like Scotland, mid Europe, Argentina and Uruguay It is estimated to cause losses up to 25 and in extreme cases up to 70% of the yield potential through a significant decrease of kernel size and quality [4]. Since thus far no major resistance genes were identified within the commercial barley genepool, control has been relying on the pre-epidemic use of several fungicides, but only a limited number of active substances are available and resistance has already been reported [5]. Ramularia collo-cygni was first described in 1893 by Cavara [6] as Ophiocladium hordei.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numbers of homolog genes between Ramularia collo-cygni and 11 phytopathogenic fungiData is presented as histograms representing the numbers of homolog genes between R. collo-cygni and 11 or10,9,8,7,6,5,4, 3, 2, 1, 0 other phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium graminearum; Pseudocercospora fijiensis; Magnaporthe grisea; Piriformospora indica; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; Pyrenophora teres f. teres; Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Ustilago maydis; Zymoseptoria tritici; Blumeria graminis; Aspergillus nidulans). A: Representation of the homolog genes in the whole genome.…”

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confidence: 99%

The evolutionary history of the current globalRamularia collo-cygniepidemic

Stam¹,

Sghyer²,

Münsterkötter

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Ramularia Leaf Spot (RLS) has emerged as a threat for barley production in many regions of the world. Late appearance of unspecific symptoms caused that Ramularia collo-cygni could only by molecular diagnostics be detected as the causal agent of RLS. Although recent research has shed more light on the biology and genomics of the pathogen, the cause of the recent global spread remains unclear.To address urgent questions, especially on the emergence to a major disease, life-cycle, transmission, and quick adaptation to control measures, we de-novo sequenced the genome of R. collo-cygni (urug2 isolate). Additionally, we sequenced fungal RNA from 6 different conditions, which allowed for an improved genome annotation. This resulted in a high quality draft assembly of about 32 Mb, with only 78 scaffolds with an N50 of 2.1 Mb. The overall annotation enabled the prediction of 12.346 high confidence genes. Genomic comparison revealed that R. collo-cygni has significantly diverged from related Dothidiomycetes, including gain and loss of putative effectors, however without obtaining species-specific genome features. To evaluate the species-wide genetic diversity, we sequenced the genomes of 19 R. collo-cygni isolates from multiple geographic locations and diverse hosts and mapped sequences to our reference genome. Admixture analyses show that R. collo-cygni is world-wide genetically uniform and that samples do not show a strong clustering on either geographical location or host species. To date, the teleomorph of R. collo-cygni has not been observed. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium shows that in the world-wide sample set there are clear signals of recombination and thus sexual reproduction, however these signals largely disappear when excluding three outliers samples, suggesting that the main global expansion of R. collo-cygni comes from mixed or clonally propagating populations. We further analysed the historic population size (Ne) of R. collo-cygni using Bayesian simulations.We discuss how our genomic data and population genetics analysis can help understand the current R. collocygni epidemic and provide different hypothesis that are supported by our data. We specifically highlight how recombination, clonal spreading and lack of host-specificity could further support global epidemics of this increasingly recognized plant disease and suggest specific approaches to combat this pathogen.

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Characterisation of Ramularia collo‐cygni laboratory mutants resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors

Cited by 25 publications

References 42 publications

High frequency of fungicide resistance‐associated mutations in the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

High frequency of fungicide resistance‐associated mutations in the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

In-field assessment of an arabinoxylan polymer on disease control in spring barley

The evolutionary history of the current globalRamularia collo-cygniepidemic

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