Characterisation of clinical manifestations and treatment strategies for invasive beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections in a Swiss tertiary hospital

Abstract

AIMS OF THE STUDY Invasive streptococcal infections affect more than half a million patients worldwide every year and have a high lethality. Little is known about the epidemiology and microbiological characteristics of streptococcal infections in Switzerland. This case series study aims to describe the demographics, known risk factors for streptococcal skin and soft tissue infections, clinical presentations, treatment and outcomes of patients admitted to the University Hospital Zurich between 2000 and 2014 with invasive streptococcal infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus), Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis or the Streptococcus anginosus group, as well as the microbiological characteristics of the clinical isolates. METHODS Data collected retrospectively from patients hospitalised between 2000 and 2014 with invasive streptococcal infections were analysed. M protein gene (emm) typing of the bacterial clinical isolates was carried out according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. RESULTS A total of 86 patients with invasive beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections were included in this study, of which 49% presented with necrotising fasciitis. The median age was 44 years and half were female. The most common risk factor was acute skin lesions. C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in patients with necrotising fasciitis, as were acute renal failure and distributive shock. Beta-lactam antibiotics were given to most patients, and intravenous immunoglobulins were given to 18% of patients within the first 24 hours. All patients suffering from necrotising fasciitis underwent surgery. The overall case fatality rate was 8.1% at 30 days post admission. All Group A Streptococcus strains were susceptible to penicillin and clindamycin, and we found resistance to tetracycline in 11.9% of strains. The most common emm-type isolated was emm1 (44.4%). CONCLUSIONS Invasive beta-haemolytic streptococcal infections, the most severe presentation of which is necrotising fasciitis, remain a serious clinical issue and require rapid diagnosis and treatment. This is the first representative analysis monitoring clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with a severe invasive beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection and treated in Zurich, Switzerland. In addition to the detailed reporting of various clinical and microbiological characteristics, we show that C-reactive protein levels, acute renal failure and distributive shock were higher in the patients with necrotising fasciitis. We also found a low case fatality rate compared to other reports. The detailed clinical data and microbiological characteristics depicted in this study will lead to a better understanding of regional differences in severe invasive streptococcal infections.

Stethoscopes or Maybe “Bacterioscopes” – Is hand Hygiene Solely Capable of Preventing Hospital-Associated Infections?

“…invasive infections (Laupland et al 2019;Martín Guerra et al 2019;Neff et al 2020;Zhu et al 2021). Contrary to our findings, other studies showed a much lower percentage of contamination with bacilli, micrococci, and streptococci on the surfaces of stethoscopes.…”

“…For most people, these bacteria are not etiologic agents of infections. However, for children, immunosuppressed patients, or patients undergoing invasive medical procedures during hospitalization, micrococci, and streptococci can cause severe invasive infections ( Laupland et al 2019 ; Martín Guerra et al 2019 ; Neff et al 2020 ; Zhu et al 2021 ). Contrary to our findings, other studies showed a much lower percentage of contamination with bacilli, micrococci, and streptococci on the surfaces of stethoscopes.…”

Group AStreptococcusantibiotic tolerance in necrotizing fasciitis

“…Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) caused by the human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS, aka Streptococcus pyogenes ) remains a devastating disease, associated with high morbidity and mortality despite the use of effective antibiotics and surgery [1]. Bacteria employ several strategies to escape killing, including antibiotic resistance development, intracellular localization and biofilm formation, the last two protecting them from antibiotic exposure and the immune system [2].…”