Characterisation of cathelicidin gene family members in divergent fish species

Maier, Valerie H.; Dorn, Karolin V.; Guðmundsdóttir, Bjarnheiður K.; Guðmundsson, Guðmundur H.

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.002

Cited by 101 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Until now, ∼70 cathelicidin family members have been identified from fish to mammals (2,5,7). Although only single cathelicidin has been found in primates, this family expanded in other vertebrates by gene duplication and divergence (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the mysterious veil of fish CAMPs has been uncovered. Sequence analysis revealed that teleost CAMPs form a novel class of peptides enriched with Arg, Gly, and Ser (7). In this class, salmonid CAMPs are more special and have three distinctive hallmarks: the N terminus is intensified by positive charges, the central region consists of (R/P)(P/L)G(G/S/F/V) (G/S/R)S-based repetitive motifs, and the C terminus is lowly charged (Supplemental Table I).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cathelicidins are likely present in all vertebrates (2,6,7). The discovery of three cathelicidin-like members in the ancient vertebrate hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) implies that cathelicidins already existed ∼450 million years ago (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, at least six CAMPs have been discovered in other mammals belonging to Euungulata, such as cattle, goat, sheep, and pig, whereas four have been discovered in birds, three in reptiles, and two in amphibians (2,9,10). As in fish, three CAMPs have been identified in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), whereas two or one has been discovered in several other species (5,7,11). In vivo studies conducted in mice have suggested that the duplication and divergence of cathelicidins are beneficial to host defense against infections (12,13).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish

Zhang

et al. 2015

The Journal of Immunology

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Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) represent a crucial component of the innate immune system in vertebrates. Although widely studied in mammals, little is known about the structure and function of fish CAMPs. Further to the previous findings, two more cathelicidin genes and multiple transcripts from rainbow trout were identified in the present study. Interestingly, we found that trout have evolved energy-saving forms of cathelicidins with the total deletion of the characteristic cathelin-like domain. Sequence analysis revealed that salmonid CAMPs have formed a special class of antimicrobial peptides in vertebrates with three distinctive hallmarks: the N terminus is intensified by positive charges, the central region consists of repetitive motifs based on RPGGGS, and the C terminus is lowly charged. Immunofluorescence localization of trout CAMPs demonstrated that these peptides expressed mainly at the mucosal layer of gut. Meanwhile, signals around sinusoids were also detected in head kidney. Moreover, the biological activities of trout CAMPs were proved to be mediated by the N terminus. Additionally, the repetitive motifs characteristically existing in Salmonidae increased the structural flexibilities of peptides and further increased the antibacterial and IL-8–stimulating activities. Unlike most α helical and cytotoxic mammalian CAMPs, trout CAMPs, mainly consisting of β-sheet and random coil, exhibited no cytotoxic activities. The distinctive structural features of trout CAMPs provide new insights into the understanding of the evolution of CAMPs in vertebrates. Moreover, the high bacterial membrane selectivity of trout CAMPs will help to design excellent peptide antibiotics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish

Zhang

et al. 2015

The Journal of Immunology

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“…By screening cDNA libraries or by using molecular methodology, putative cathelicidins have been found from rainbow trout [159], Atlantic salmon [174], Arctic char (Salvelinus alpines), Atlantic cod, and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) [175]. Moreover, cathelicidin genes have been reported for jawless fish, namely, the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) [176].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

2012

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The vertebrate immune system is comprised of numerous distinct and interdependent components. Every component has its own inherent protective value, and the final combination of them is likely to be related to an animal's immunological history and evolutionary development. Vertebrate immune system consists of both systemic and mucosal immune compartments, but it is the mucosal immune system which protects the body from the first encounter of pathogens. According to anatomical location, the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, in teleost fish is subdivided into gut-, skin-, and gill-associated lymphoid tissue and most available studies focus on gut. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of the immunological defences present in skin mucosa as a very important part of the fish immune system, serving as an anatomical and physiological barrier against external hazards. Interest in defence mechanism of fish arises from a need to develop health management tools to support a growing finfish aquaculture industry, while at the same time addressing questions concerning origins and evolution of immunity in vertebrates. Increased knowledge of fish mucosal immune system will facilitate the development of novel vaccination strategies in fish.

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Immunology of Fish

Fletcher¹,

Secombes²

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Innate immunity provides some form of defence against pathogens in all multicellular organisms but with cartilaginous and bony fish, although the lowest group of jawed vertebrates, the addition of a classic adaptive immune response becomes apparent. This provides the refinements of specificity for antigen recognition and memory. The T‐ and B lymphocytes are the effector leucocytes, acquiring their antigen‐specific receptors (immunoglobulin for B cells and T‐cell receptor for T cells) in the anterior kidney (bone marrow being absent) and thymus. The B cells are responsible for the production of antibodies that function as different immunoglobulin classes, whereas subsets of T lymphocytes are capable of killing target cells or helping with B‐ and other T‐cell functions. Knowledge of these mechanisms is important for the use and design of vaccines, now so essential for the aquaculture industry, whereas studies of fish immunology contribute to the understanding of the evolution of adaptive immunity. Key concepts: Fish possess innate and adaptive immune responses, with classical adaptive immunity present only in jawed vertebrates. Adaptive immunity allows memory of prior exposure to foreign molecules (antigens), so that on subsequent contact protective mechanisms are more rapidly mobilized: the basis of vaccination. Lymphocytes mediate adaptive immunity and have surface receptors that recognize antigens, initiating the production of circulating antibodies and the activation of cell‐mediated responses. The functions of the immune system are similar in fish and mammals although there are differences due to the aquatic physiology and ectothermic nature of fish that provide evolutionary interest. Leucocyte–antigen interactions take place in immune sites, such as the kidneys, spleen, gills and intestine. Bone marrow and lymph nodes are lacking. Knowledge of fish immunology is proving essential for the development of vaccines for the expanding aquaculture industry.

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Characterisation of cathelicidin gene family members in divergent fish species

Cited by 101 publications

References 31 publications

Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish

Distinctive Structural Hallmarks and Biological Activities of the Multiple Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides in a Primitive Teleost Fish

An Overview of the Immunological Defenses in Fish Skin

Immunology of Fish

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