Characterisation of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol exposure among pregnant Egyptian women

Piekkola, S; Turner, Paul C.; Abdel‐Hamid, Mohamed; Ezzat, Sameera; El-Daly, Maï; El-Kafrawy, Sherif A.; Savchenko, Ekaterina; Poussa, Tuija; Woo, Jcs; Mykkänen, Hannu; El-Nezami, Hani

doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.658442

Cited by 76 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In middle-income countries or regions where exposures may be more moderate, probiotic interventions have been suggested (177) ; these probiotics restrict aflatoxin bioavailability by binding and then shuttling the toxin through the gastrointestinal tract. Such an approach has been suggested as plausible in a region such as Egypt (178) where sources of exposure are less well defined (26,27,60) . In terms of growth, this approach was successful in a rodent model in that in the intervention arm, both the aflatoxin-driven growth faltering was improved and the aflatoxin biomarker level was reduced (179) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

et al. 2012

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M 1 , aflatoxin -N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin -albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

et al. 2012

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“…AF-alb was detected in 34/98 (35%) samples, AFM1 in 44/93 (48%) samples, while DON was detected in 63/93 (68%) samples. AFs and DON biomarkers were observed in 41% of the subjects concurrently [62]. Additionally, residues of AFM1 were recorded in infant formula milk powder and maternal breast milk, and the concentrations were 74.413 ± 7.070 n g/ l and 9.796 ± 1.036 n g/ l ), respectively [20].…”

Section: Public Health Importance Of Mycotoxins In African Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods in Africa

Darwish

Ikenaka

Nakayama

et al. 2014

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

145

119

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Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate various feedstuffs and agricultural crops. The contamination of food by mycotoxins can occur before production, during storage, processing, transportation or marketing of the food products. High temperature, moisture content and water activity are among the predisposing factors that facilitate the production of mycotoxins in food. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are all considered the major mycotoxins produced in food and feedstuffs. In Africa, mycotoxin contamination is considered to be a major problem with implications that affect human and animal health and economy. Aflatoxin-related hepatic diseases are reported in many African countries. Ochratoxin and fumonisin toxicity in humans and animals is widespread in Africa. The available, updated information on the incidence of mycotoxin contamination, decontamination and its public health importance in Africa is lacking. The aim of this review is to highlight, update and discuss the available information on the incidence of mycotoxins in African countries. The public health implications and the recommended strategies for control of mycotoxins in food and agricultural crops are also discussed.

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“…This finding confirms a published report that urinary DOM-1 detected in French farmers represented on average 4.7% of the urinary DON concentration (24). In the same study, DOM-1 was found frequently in urine from French farmers (34% of DON-positive urine samples), whereas DOM-1 was found more rarely in other populations (0 and 3% of DON-positive urine samples from United Kingdom adults [24,25] and 3% of DON-positive urine samples from Egyptian women [26]). More work is needed to establish the frequency of the occurrence of DON-degrading bacteria in the human fecal microbiota in different populations and to identify these bacteria and the enzymatic pathway necessary for detoxification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

The Human Fecal Microbiota Metabolizes Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and May Be Responsible for Urinary Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol

Gratz

Duncan

Richardson

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

115

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potent mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds and affects intestinal nutrient absorption and barrier function in experimental and farm animals. Free DON and the plant metabolite DON-3-␤-D-glucoside (D3G) are frequently found in wheat and maize. D3G is stable in the upper human gut, but some human intestinal bacteria release DON from D3G in vitro. Furthermore, some bacteria derived from animal digestive systems degrade DON to a less toxic metabolite, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1). The metabolism of D3G and DON by the human microbiota has not been fully assessed. We therefore conducted in vitro batch culture experiments assessing the activity of the human fecal microbiota to release DON from D3G. We also studied detoxification of DON to DOM-1 by the microbiota and its potential effect on urinary DON excretion in humans. Fecal slurry from five volunteers was spiked with DON or D3G and incubated anaerobically (from 1 h to 7 days), and mycotoxins were extracted into acetonitrile. Mycotoxins were detected in fecal extracts and urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The fecal microbiota released DON from D3G very efficiently, with hydrolysis peaking after 4 to 6 h. The fecal microbiota from one volunteer transformed DON to DOM-1. Urine from the same volunteer also contained DOM-1 (4.7% of DON), whereas DOM-1 was not detectable in urine from other volunteers. Our results confirm that the fecal microbiota releases DON from its glycosylated form, hence increasing the toxic burden in exposed individuals. Furthermore, this is first evidence that the human fecal microbiota of one volunteer detoxifies DON, resulting in the appearance of DOM-1 in urine. Mycotoxins are common food contaminants in most regions of the world. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by Fusarium molds that frequently contaminate wheat, corn, and barley grown in temperate climates in Europe, South and North America, and some parts of Asia (1, 2). DON is a potent mycotoxin and induces severe intestinal symptoms and feed refusal in farm animals when fed at high concentrations (3). On a molecular level, DON is ribotoxic and hampers protein synthesis in cells. In the intestinal epithelium, DON interferes with the differentiation of enterocytes and disrupts intestinal barrier function (4-7). Advances in mycotoxin analysis have revealed that in addition to the free mycotoxin, cereal samples also contain DON-3-␤-D-glucoside (D3G), which derives from plant phase II metabolism of DON (8). A recent study has found that all cereal samples that were found to be contaminated with DON also contained D3G at levels ranging between 7 and 29% of detected DON in wheat and 5 and 46% of detected DON in maize (9). This suggests that the mycotoxin burden in cereals could be between 14 and 17% higher if these "masked" mycotoxins are taken into account. A recent in vitro study assessed the release of DON from D3G under simulated human intestinal conditions (10). Authors found D3G to be stable under acidic pH and resistant to dig...

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Characterisation of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol exposure among pregnant Egyptian women

Cited by 76 publications

References 48 publications

The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food

An Overview on Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods in Africa

The Human Fecal Microbiota Metabolizes Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside and May Be Responsible for Urinary Deepoxy-Deoxynivalenol

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