Drawing on empirical data, this paper makes a contribution to knowledge through bringing together the apparently disparate elements of contemporary education policy, religion, civic virtue, and values teaching, in particular the teaching of 'fundamental British values'. I illustrate, through a discussion of the linkages between these elements, how religion remains a strong influence on contemporary education policy, both explicitly with regard to the integration of Muslim 'others' and implicitly through the growing popularity of values education in schools. In order to develop this argument, I first outline the extent to which Christianity, often de-theologised, shapes normative Western European values and permeates apparently secular spaces. Second, I identify some school responses to the British values policy and note the importance of the political and social context informed, I argue, by acute anxiety around Islam and extremism. Third, through the discussion of one particular school site, I identify the trend towards emphasising values education in secular schools, and the implicit religious undertones within this. I suggest that we can understand this trend as an instance of the post-secular where religious influences remain strong in apparently secular places, but argue that there are limitations to such an approach to values education in terms of increasing pupil voice and agency.
IntroductionThis paper discusses the relationship between values teaching -and the teaching of fundamental British values in particular -religion and civic virtues, drawing on an initial analysis of data from an on-going project funded by the Leverhulme Trust 1 .It draws attention to the growing focus on teaching values in schools. Values are the traditional arena of faith schools -a theme of this Special Issue -as different faiths define for children how to treat others and live a 'good' life. However, the current wave of values teaching that I discuss here affects faith and non-faith schools and I am going to concentrate on two forms: one, the government's directive to schools to promote 'fundamental British values', and two, the rise amongst schools of value/moral/character education (variously named). I suggest here that we cannot understand either of these initiatives -neither overtly religious -without understanding how they are pervaded by religion, especially Christianity, although often in a de-theologised form; thus, I shall consider 'how the theological still inhabits the putatively secular' (Golder 2007 p.170-1, see below). Furthermore, I conclude by arguing that neither of these forms of values teaching provides a thorough civic education.
Data collectionData are drawn from a project focusing on how teachers understand and promote British values. The Department for Education (DfE) (2014) defines 'fundamental British values' -which English schools are required to promote -as democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance for those of different faiths 2 . The school's inspectorate, Ofsted, inc...