Chapter Seven. Red Queen Communities

Clay, Keith; Reinhart, Kurt O.; Rudgers, Jennifer A.; Tintjer, Tammy; Koslow, Jennifer M.; Flory, S. Luke

doi:10.1515/9781400837885.145

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Our results indicate that the phylogenetic similarity of a given plant species to the larger community integrates across these varied traits and predicts interactions with natural enemies. Our results thus support the emerging combination of empirical and theoretical work demonstrating that phylogenetic structure influences multiple aspects of communities, from the realized host breadth of natural enemies, to spatial structuring of heterospecific individuals within a community, to the pace and direction of community assembly and succession (Webb et al 2006, Clay et al 2008, Emerson and Gillespie 2008, Valiente‐Banuet and Verdu 2008, Cavender‐Bares et al 2009, Vamosi et al 2009, Whitney et al 2009, Vacher et al 2010). Our approach uses novel phylogenetic distance metrics that posit a nonlinear increase in interaction strength with relatedness among species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Phylogenetic distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies

Ness

Rollinson

Whitney

2011

Oikos

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If related species share enemies, variation in the damage experienced by species within a community may be predictable based on phylogeny. We examined the hypothesis that plant species more closely related to other community members experience greater herbivory by assessing leaf damage to native and exotic plants in two North American communities: an Eastern hardwood forest and a Rocky Mountain montane community. Pairwise phylogenetic distances between focal species and the hundreds of other native species in each community were calculated. We examined the influence of four measures of relatedness within each community: NND (phylogenetic distance to the nearest native neighbor), MPD (mean phylogenetic distance to the native species in the community), and two new metrics, MIPD (mean inverse phylogenetic distance) and INND (inverse nearest neighbor distance). These new metrics assume a nonlinear increase in interaction strength with relatedness; in the context of natural enemies, they posit that the sharing of enemies between any two species increases nonlinearly with their relatedness. Using regression models, we found that herbivore damage decreased with decreasing phylogenetic similarity of focal species to native species (as measured by MIPD) in both sites, although the pattern was significant only for native focal species in the montane community and exotic focal species in the hardwood forest. Similar decreases in herbivory with decreasing relatedness were detected using INND (montane natives) and MPD (hardwood forest exotics). There was no significant relationship between NND and herbivory for any of the four site by focal plant origin combinations. Our results are the first to support the hypothesis that native species can escape attack as a function of their phylogenetic dissimilarity to the larger community of native species, and to demonstrate that exotic species show these patterns in the wild (as opposed to in common gardens). We suggest that phylogenetic distance metrics assuming a nonlinear increase in interaction strength with relatedness show promise for broader application.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Phylogenetic distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies

Ness

Rollinson

Whitney

2011

Oikos

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“…As non‐native species such as P. serotina proliferate in foreign locations, resident enemies are predicted to eventually adapt to these exotic and abundant resources (Thompson, 2005; Nijjer et al. , 2007; Clay et al. , 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of soil‐borne pathogens and invasion by Prunus serotina

et al. 2010

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Summary• Globally, exotic invaders threaten biodiversity and ecosystem function. Studies often report that invading plants are less affected by enemies in their invaded vs home ranges, but few studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms.• Here, we investigated the variation in prevalence, species composition and virulence of soil-borne Pythium pathogens associated with the tree Prunus serotina in its native US and non-native European ranges by culturing, DNA sequencing and controlled pathogenicity trials.• Two controlled pathogenicity experiments showed that Pythium pathogens from the native range caused 38-462% more root rot and 80-583% more seedling mortality, and 19-45% less biomass production than Pythium from the nonnative range. DNA sequencing indicated that the most virulent Pythium taxa were sampled only from the native range. The greater virulence of Pythium sampled from the native range therefore corresponded to shifts in species composition across ranges rather than variation within a common Pythium species.• Prunus serotina still encounters Pythium in its non-native range but encounters less virulent taxa. Elucidating patterns of enemy virulence in native and nonnative ranges adds to our understanding of how invasive plants escape disease. Moreover, this strategy may identify resident enemies in the non-native range that could be used to manage invasive plants.

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“…‘Red Queen Communities’, Clay et al . ). The parallels between these Red Queen arguments and the dilution effect are striking (Ostfeld & Keesing ).…”

Section: Linking Community Ecology and Disease Ecologymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Given the parallels between diversity–disease research and previous work in community ecology (Clay et al . ; Cardinale et al . ; van Elsas et al .…”

Section: The Future Of Diversity–disease Research: Toward a Predictivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease

2015

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Global losses of biodiversity have galvanised efforts to understand how changes to communities affect ecological processes, including transmission of infectious pathogens. Here, we review recent research on diversity–disease relationships and identify future priorities. Growing evidence from experimental, observational and modelling studies indicates that biodiversity changes alter infection for a range of pathogens and through diverse mechanisms. Drawing upon lessons from the community ecology of free-living organisms, we illustrate how recent advances from biodiversity research generally can provide necessary theoretical foundations, inform experimental designs, and guide future research at the interface between infectious disease risk and changing ecological communities. Dilution effects are expected when ecological communities are nested and interactions between the pathogen and the most competent host group(s) persist or increase as biodiversity declines. To move beyond polarising debates about the generality of diversity effects and develop a predictive framework, we emphasise the need to identify how the effects of diversity vary with temporal and spatial scale, to explore how realistic patterns of community assembly affect transmission, and to use experimental studies to consider mechanisms beyond simple changes in host richness, including shifts in trophic structure, functional diversity and symbiont composition.

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Chapter Seven. Red Queen Communities

Cited by 11 publications

References 146 publications

Phylogenetic distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies

Phylogenetic distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies

Virulence of soil‐borne pathogens and invasion by Prunus serotina

Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease

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