Chapter 9 Spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models

Combinatorial Trade Modelling: Retrospect and Prospect

“…In this discussion, I have drawn on the work of many scientific colleagues as well as some of my own research. The interested reader who may wish to follow up certain aspects in greater detail is directed to Batten (1983Batten ( , 1984, Johansson (1985, 1989), Batten and Boyce (1986), Batten and Westin (1990). Nevertheless, the ultimate challenge still lies ahead of us: to fully unravel the dynamics of trade.…”

“…By maximizing entropy U defined as U=-ExtsInxfs (8) subject to (1), (7) and all possible joint assignments of (2) and (3), he formulated four model versions: (I) unconstrained, (11) production-constrained, (iii) attraction-constrained, and (IV) doubly-constrained. For further discussions of this family of commodity flow models, see Batten (1983).…”

Multi-Scale Analysis of Regional Inequality based on Spatial Field Model: A Case Study of China from 2000 to 2012

“…In physics, gravitation is a force that decreases with distance and increases with mass [35]. The gravity-based potential model aims at measuring the influence exerted by a set of masses on a unit of mass located at a given point in space [36][37][38]. The formula of the potential at point [i, j] is given as follows:…”

Spatial Interaction Models and the Role of Geographic Information Systems

“…Spatial interaction can be broadly defined as movement of people, commodities, capital and/or information over geographic space that result from a decision process (see Batten and Boyce, 1986). The term thus encompasses such diverse behaviour as migration, travel-to-work, shopping, recreation, commodity flows, capital flows, communication flows (e.g.…”

“…Contemporary spatial theories have led to the emergence of two major schools of analytical thought: the macroscopic one based upon probability arguments and entropy maximising formulations (Wilson, 1967) and the microscopic one corresponding to a behavioural or utility-theoretic approach (for an overview see Batten and Boyce, 1986).The volume of research on spatia~ in~eraction a~alysis prior to the evolution and popularization of GIS technology clearly demonstrates that spatial interaction modelling can be undertaken without the assistance of GIS technology. It is equally evident that geographical information systems have proliferated essentially as storage and display media for spatial data.…”