Chapter 9 Residual Feed Cracking Catalysts

Mitchell, Maurice M.; Hoffman, James F.; Moore, H. R.

doi:10.1016/s0167-2991(08)63832-x

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The process of pellet formation of zeolite powders creates meso/macropores in a pellet, thus modifying the diffusion characteristics of the sorbate/reactant molecules. , The clays used as binders consist of substantial amounts of group 1a and 1b elements as relatively mobile nonframework cations. Clay-type binders are also reported to affect the catalytic characteristics of the zeolite by modifying the acidity of the zeolites during pelletization. − For example, an appreciable decrease in both the inter- and intracrystalline acidity of H-gallosilicate zeolite was reported with kaolin clay as a binder . Zeolite mordenite bound with sodium montmorillonite clay showed lower n -butane isomerization and high disproportionation activity compared to zeolite powder, indicating a decrease in weak acidity and an increase in high strength acid site density .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it was proposed that Pt impregnation be done on a zeolite powder prior to pellet extrusion. In some cases, binder show beneficial effects like trapping of metal poisons such as vanadium and nickel from petroleum feedstock and improvement of the catalyst activity. , Unlike clays, when alumina is used as a binder for zeolites, it has been reported 13 to enhance the acidity of the catalysts by forming new acid sites due to migration and insertion of Al species in the zeolite framework . Alumina binder was also reported to act as a sink for alkaline sodium cations, thereby improving the acidity of the zeolites .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Clay Binder on Sorption and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Pellets

Jasra

Tyagi

Badheka

et al. 2003

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Sorption of N 2 , O 2 , Ar, and CH 4 in zeolites X, Y, and mordenite in powder as well as pellets was studied using gas chromatography. Heats of sorption in pellets formed using clay as a binder increased by 34-78% for N 2 and 7-18% for CH 4 relative to the respective zeolite powder. Surface acidity of zeolites upon pelletization as measured by ammonia temperature-programmed desorption showed that high-strength acid sites completely disappear for both zeolite Y and mordenite when bound with bentonite and attapulgite. Decreases in weaker acid sites upon pelletization for mordenite and HY are 47-52% and 34%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy also showed a decrease in acidity upon pelletization of zeolite powders as observed from the reduction in the intensity of the peaks corresponding to acidic hydroxyl groups. Influence of the decrease in surface acidity upon pelletization was also observed from conversion values for alkylation of toluene with methanol in zeolite pellets. For example, reduction in total xylene formed was by 50%, 87%, and 100% for HY520, HY510, and HM510, respectively. These observations have been interpreted in terms of solid-state migration of cations present in clay interlayer space to zeolite extraframework sites during pelletization. Reexchange of cations in zeolites HY and HM with an aqueous solution of Na + /Ca 2+ salts shows sorption isotherms closer to the respective pelletized samples. X-ray diffraction studies of zeolites in powders as well as pellets confirm migration of clay cations to zeolite extraframework sites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Clay Binder on Sorption and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Pellets

Jasra

Tyagi

Badheka

et al. 2003

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…ZI: relative zeolite intensity. and test conditions is found elsewhere (Mitchell et al, 1988(Mitchell et al, , 1993.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrix Acidity Determination: A Bench Scale Method for Predicting Resid Cracking of FCC Catalysts

Alerasool¹,

Doolin²,

Hoffman³

1995

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Se determinó que los principales contaminantes metálicos del catalizador gastado son Vanadio (382 mg/kg) y Níquel (75 mg/kg). Conforme lo expuesto por (Mitchell, Hoffman, & Moore, 2003) el Vanadio tiene una fuerte tendencia destructiva hacia la zeolita, mientras que el Níquel provoca reacciones de des hidrogenación no deseadas que producen hidrógeno y coque.…”

Section: Metales En Peso Secounclassified

Estratégias de gestión ambiental para el manejo y disposición final del catalizador gastado de la Unidad de Craqueo Catalítico Fluidizado (FCC) generado en una refinería estatal de Ecuador

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2017

IRJ

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La Refinería Estatal Esmeraldas “REE” cuenta con una unidad de Craqueo Catalítico Fluidizado (FCC), cuyo objetivo es la producción de combustible de alto octano a partir del Gasóleo y crudo reducido de la unidad de Destilación al Vacío (VGO). Durante la operación, el catalizador es desactivado debido al envenenamiento con metales pesados y al ensuciamiento con coque presente en las reacciones del proceso. Consecuentemente, el catalizador disminuye su área superficial, aumenta la densidad aparente, y se convierte en lo que se conoce como catalizador gastado, que no puede ser regenerado y es desechado como residuo. Se caracterizó al catalizador gastado de la FCC mediante los parámetros físico químicos: ABD, DSP, metales en peso seco y características CRTIB. La característica de toxicidad ambiental se definió mediante ensayo de lixiviación (EPA 1311). Se aplicó la metodología IBR según API 581 y la evaluación de impactos ambientales según Leopold. Se determinó que el catalizador gastado de craqueo catalítico evaluado, no excede en ninguno de los límites máximos permisibles de las características CRTIB, para considerarse como un residuo peligroso. Según la prueba estadística no paramétrica de Krustal Wallis (p <0,0001), se plantea la reposición (make up) del catalizador como medida de prevención en la fuente, para mantener un bajo contenido de metales durante la alimentación y la re- utilización del catalizador gastado como materia prima en cementeras para su aprovechamiento y/o valorización.

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Chapter 9 Residual Feed Cracking Catalysts

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Clay Binder on Sorption and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Pellets

Effect of Clay Binder on Sorption and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Pellets

Matrix Acidity Determination: A Bench Scale Method for Predicting Resid Cracking of FCC Catalysts

Estratégias de gestión ambiental para el manejo y disposición final del catalizador gastado de la Unidad de Craqueo Catalítico Fluidizado (FCC) generado en una refinería estatal de Ecuador

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