Chapter 5 The Culture of Free Plant Cells and Its Significance for Embryology And Morphogenesis

Steward, F. C.; Kent, A. E.; Mapes, Marion O.

doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(08)60011-3

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Auxin shows strong effect also on the redifferentiation from callus to normal tissues (Steward 1966). In diploid Sacchayomyces cerevisiae, we have found that auxin causes production of genetic variants which differ from the original strains in cell form and responsiveness to cell-expanding action of auxin (Yanagishima and Shimoda 1967).…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

AUXIN-INDUCED LARGE CELL MUTANTS IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Doi

Takahashi

Yanagishima

1973

The Japanese journal of genetics

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mentioning

confidence: 85%

AUXIN-INDUCED LARGE CELL MUTANTS IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Doi

Takahashi

Yanagishima

1973

The Japanese journal of genetics

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“…Application of a synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), in the culture medium allowed Steward et al (1966) not only to obtain a well-growing suspension culture of carrot callus cells and their aggregates but also to regenerate from them somatic embryos of potentially unicellular origin. Eventually, as a result of the long-term competition between the Skoog and Steward teams to isolate and identify the active compound in the plant "fetal serum", i.e.…”

Section: Haberlandt's Dogmatic Dream and Its First Realisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Němec and Haberlandt to Plant Molecular Biology

Opatrný

2013

Plant Cell Monographs

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The high regenerative capacity of plants is a crucial feature of their life strategy. It is an essential part of the mechanisms that both allow these sessile organisms to repair injury caused by pathogens, herbivores and abiotic factors and to undergo rapid vegetative reproduction, so allowing them to dominate in particular environmental niches. Furthermore, various forms of natural regeneration contribute to techniques that are widely used in plant propagation and plant breeding. The biological nature of plant regeneration has been studied since the very beginnings of plant physiology as a science. Research on regeneration of intact plants in vivo was conducted by Bohumil Němec, and early studies of in vitro regeneration in plant tissue cultures were carried out by Gottlieb Haberlandt. At this stage, however, suggestions that somatic plant cells possessed a regeneration "totipotency" were in practice often not acknowledged. Nevertheless, real experiments demonstrated that the regenerative ability of particular cells and tissues is clearly determined by the specific interplay of both genetic (or epigenetic) and physiological factors. This makes some systems "nonresponsive" to the standard regeneration procedures. This regenerative recalcitrancy hampers both the routine vegetative propagation of various plant species and the construction of genetically modified crops. This chapter addresses the basic historical background of studies on plant regeneration and discusses both the results and ideas acquired by means of classical anatomical and morphological studies in the light of our current state of information obtained using modern molecular techniques. The present knowledge of plant regeneration is also viewed in the light of studies of structure and function of the "stem cell niches" of multicellular organisms, examining their role in the ontogenesis of intact plants and in the processes of embryogenesis and organogenesis in vitro. With reference to other chapters in this book, the role of genetics for the realisation of these processes as well as the role of various regulatory factors, of Z. Opatrný (*)

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“…T h e comparative ease with which carrot cultures (and as was shown later on, cells of other umbellifers) could be stimulated to express their morphogenetic competence loomed large, for although many other suspension cultures had been initiated in the Cornell laboratory, none other than carrot or the other umbellifers like coriander, water parsnip, poison hemlock, anise, etc. in that early period was demonstrably totipotent (Steward, Kent & Mapes, 1966). This was so despite the fact that there were numerous situations in which plantlet or somatic embryo development could have occurred if it was a relatively simple spontaneous concomitant or outcome of the suspension cell culture state.…”

Section: T O T I P O T E N C Y ( I ) Organized Development From Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning Higher Plants From Aseptically Cultured Tissues and Cells

Krikorian

1982

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. For a number of years considerable attention has been given both in the scientific and lay press to dramatic advances in the rapid clonal multiplication of plants by means of so‐called ‘modern’ tissue culture techniques. Because the words clone, cloning and tissue culture mean different things to different people, there is considerable confusion even among biologists as to what has actually been achieved. 2. An historical approach has been used to put the accomplishments into perspective. 3. Organ culture, tissue culture, cell or suspension culture and protoplast culture all offer varying degrees of potential for clonal multiplication but the most substantial progress has been made with explanted stem tips or lateral buds which can be stimulated to produce numerous precocious axillary branches. These, in turn, can be separated or subdivided and induced to root and thus yield populations of genetically and phenotypically uniform plantlets. 4. Similarly, undifferentiated calluses can sometimes be induced to form shoots and/or roots adventitiously. This method of stimulating organ development on callus is based on the now classic work of Skoog and Miller done in the I950s with the Wisconsin 38 strain of a ‘Havana’ cultivar of tobacco. Because of the growing criticism that when callus cultures are maintained for more than a few subcultures genetic or chromosomal aberrations are induced and these nullify the ultimate goal ‐ namely to get large numbers of genetically identical plants ‐ callus procedures are generally being relinquished in favour of precocious axillary branching methods. 5. The number of plantlets obtainable through the procedures with precocious axillary shoots or callus culture are fewer, in theory, than the number of plantlets obtainable from a somatic embryo system starting with cells grown in suspension culture. But the fact is that cell culture techniques required to produce somatic embryos are also demanding and very much in their infancy as far as their applicability to clonal multiplication is concerned. 6. Even so, slowly but steadily, advances are being made in learning how to stimulate formation of somatic or adventive embryos from totipotent cells grown in suspension culture. In cases where it has proven feasible, not only may somatic embryos be generated in great quantities, but their discrete bipolar nature often obviates the need for time‐consuming, laborious procedures to assure their success in a conventional soil or greenhouse setting. 7. While protoplast cultures are of very limited direct use for clonal propagation of higher plants, the procedures hold some hope as a vehicle whereby select useful genes can be introduced into plants. Parasexual hybridization, that is the production of hybrids by fusing totipotent protoplasts of different origin, offers no imminent prospects for the development of useful and novel plant types but may be applicable in the long term in very specific situations. 8. It is concluded that many problems exist in the producing and growing of totipo...

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Chapter 5 The Culture of Free Plant Cells and Its Significance for Embryology And Morphogenesis

Cited by 32 publications

References 50 publications

AUXIN-INDUCED LARGE CELL MUTANTS <i>IN SACCHAROMYCES</i> <i>CEREVISIAE</i>

AUXIN-INDUCED LARGE CELL MUTANTS <i>IN SACCHAROMYCES</i> <i>CEREVISIAE</i>

From Němec and Haberlandt to Plant Molecular Biology

Cloning Higher Plants From Aseptically Cultured Tissues and Cells

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