Chapter 5: Saddam's Power Structure: the Tikritis Before, During and After the War

Migrants and Religion: Paths, Issues, and Lenses

“…Regional identities and forms of local particularisms complete the set of fault-lines associated with the already-mentioned sectarian visions. Albeit less considered than other layers of differentiation, these factors played an (Baram, 2003;Zeidel, 2007), while the former is well represented by Benghazi's longstanding pleas for autonomy within the Libyan system or Basra bids for self-government (Visser, 2005;Isakhan, Mulherin, 2018).…”

Hybrid Sovereignty in the Arab Middle East

“…The following table illustrates the complexity of this model. 61 Despite these constitutiencies live in the same political system, they are different from each other from many respects. Therefore, in these societies, rather than neutral institutions such as citizenship, local methods prevail.…”

“…61 But as expected in oil-rent economics, the state becomes the main intermediary between the oil sector and the rest of the economy. It receives revenues, which are channeled to the economy through public expenditure, and since public expenditure generally represents a large proportion of national income, the allocation of these public funds among alternative uses has great significance for the future development pattern of the economy.…”

“…Herb, op cit, p. p. 44. 61 Shafeeq Ghabra, "Kuwait and the Dynamics of Socio-Economic Change", Middle East Journal 51(3), (Summer, 1997), pp. 358-359.…”

“…51,61. doing, the regional people were put under the influence of two different contending forms: the traditional and the modern. Thus, the critical problem here is to formulate the outcome of the encounter of these contending visions/forms.…”