Chapter 4 Updated Appraisal of Ancient Underground Aqueducts in Greece

Avgerinou, Panagiota; Chiotis, Eustathios D.; Chrysoulaki, Stella; Defteraios, P.; Gigourtakis, Nikos M.; Kakes, George; Kourtzellis, Yiannis; Koutis, Panagiotis; Mamassis, Nikοs; Παππά, Μαρία; Peppas, Giorgos; Strataridaki, Anna

doi:10.1201/9781315368566-5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Alternations of simple gables and barrel vaults were found in a water tunnel in Pompeii from the Augustan period (De Feo et al, 2009) and in the Hadrianic aqueduct of Athens (Avgerinou et al, 2016, p. 47; Chiotis, 2018, p. 75).…”

Section: Dating the Shaft Tunnel And The Biar Aqueductmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shaft Tunnel of the Biar aqueduct of Jerusalem: Architecture, hydrology, and dating

Yechezkel

Negev²,

Frumkin

et al. 2021

Geoarchaeology

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The Biar aqueduct is the most sophisticated of the aqueducts supplying water to Jerusalem during classical periods. It includes the Biar spring, an underground Shaft Tunnel ∼3 km long harvesting groundwater (cuniculus), a dam, a surface channel, and a tunnel traversing a ridge. We conducted a survey of the Biar underground Shaft Tunnel, mapping all of its accessible parts (∼1200 m), facilitating a new understanding of the cutting‐edge hydrogeologic and engineering skills used for this project. The last ∼536 m of the Biar Shaft Tunnel was constructed with a unique ashlar channel, divided into segments, designed to withstand different loads: (a) in a mechanically weak bedrock, a channel with arched gables and barrel vault specus was built within a hewn winding tunnel, (b) when dug as an open shallow trench, a channel roofed with complex gables of ashlars with drafted margins was built, and (c) to release hydraulic pressure, a channel roofed with alternations of barrel vaults and simple gables set perpendicular to the course of the tunnel was constructed. 14C dating of plaster samples suggests that the Biar aqueduct was built in the mid‐first century CE and renovated in the days of Aelia Capitolina in the second century CE.

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Section: Dating the Shaft Tunnel And The Biar Aqueductmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shaft Tunnel of the Biar aqueduct of Jerusalem: Architecture, hydrology, and dating

Yechezkel

Negev²,

Frumkin

et al. 2021

Geoarchaeology

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“…The engineer Eupalinos originated from Megara, and it has been suggested that his water-technological interest may have originated in the city's solutions to water management. A fountain was fed with water from an aqueduct covered with long intersected roof gallery sections ( [49]).…”

Section: Archaic Classical and Hellenistic Periods (Ca 750 Bc-31 Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Tunneling Hydro-Technology: From Ancient Times to Present and Future

Angelakis,

Passchier,

Valipour

et al. 2023

Hydrology

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Water tunnels are one of the oldest hydro-technologies for extracting water resources and/or transmitting them through water distribution systems. In the past, human societies have used tunneling for various purposes, including development, as a measure to enable underground resource extraction and the construction of transportation networks in challenging landscapes and topographies. The development of hydro-technology potentially involves the construction of tunnels to feed aqueducts, irrigation and waste water systems. Thus, the ability to make and maintain tunnels became an important component in creating lasting and sustainable water systems, which increased water supply and security, minimized construction costs, and reduced environmental impact. Thus, this review asks how, when and why human societies of the past included tunneling for the development of lasting water supply systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview across time and space, covering the history of tunneling in hydro technology from antiquity to the present, and it ponders how past experiences could impact on future hydro-technological projects involving tunneling. A historical review of tunnel systems enhances our understanding of the potential, performance, challenges, and prospects associated with the use of hydro-techniques. In the past, as the different examples in time and space demonstrate, tunneling was often dedicated to solving local problems of supply and disposal. However, across the world, some features were repeated, including the need for carving through the living rock or digging to create tunnels covered with stone slabs. Also, the world-wide use of extensive and costly tunnel systems indicates the high level of investment which human societies are willing to make for securing control over and with its water resources. This study helps us to gather inspiration from proven technologies of the past and more recent knowledge of water tunnel design and construction. As we face global warming and its derivate problems, including problems of water scarcity and flooding, the ability to create and maintain tunnels remains an important technology for the future.

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“…From the time of ancient cisterns and aqueducts and of the first suburban dump constructed outside ancient Athens, up until the potential future use of plastic-eating microorganisms, humanity is constantly striving to meet environmental health (EH) innovation milestones (Mays, 2014;Yang et al, 2015;Avgerinou et al, 2016;Koren, 2017). Despite this constant innovation in the EH sector, innovation differs vastly from one geographical area to another; this difference is especially visible between the developed and developing world (van Nieuwenhuijzen et al, 2009;Luzi et al, 2016;Zanello et al, 2016;Lausselet et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 15 C’s Pathway of Sustainability in Environmental Health Management & The Crucial Role of Higher Education Institutions

2020

JEICOM

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Manmade environmental degradation has created an unsustainable status quo posing many known and yet unknown environmental health threats. Innovation, which may be considered as a function of time, location, and explicit and tacit knowledge acquisition, is essential for the effective and sustainable management of environmental health issues. The following series of C's may function as a pathway towards sustainability in environmental health management: (1) Consciousness of the urgency, (2) Comprehension of the complexity, (3) Confidence in our ability to change, (4) Capacitybuilding for decision-making, (5) Cooperation among stakeholders, (6) Carbon footprint reduction, (7) Circular economy adoption, (8) Corporate sustainability, (9) Creativity (Creative thinking and action), (10) Creation of resilient and adaptive communities, (11) Creation of sustainable living environments for all social groups, (12) Creation of new explicit and tacit knowledge, (13) Communication of the new knowledge, (14) Curriculum updates, and (15) Crisis management. Apart from the emerging teaching and research priorities, the proposed pathway requires a strategic higher education institutions' contribution to the necessary societal transformation towards sustainability.Higher education institutions could play a crucial role in all the described steps of this 15 C's pathway and in the interconnections between them. Each step may offer emerging opportunities for innovative planning and action towards a more sustainable future. However, further research and pilot applications are necessary for the evaluation of the proposed theoretical model.

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Chapter 4 Updated Appraisal of Ancient Underground Aqueducts in Greece

Cited by 4 publications

References 6 publications

The Shaft Tunnel of the Biar aqueduct of Jerusalem: Architecture, hydrology, and dating

The Shaft Tunnel of the Biar aqueduct of Jerusalem: Architecture, hydrology, and dating

Evolution of Tunneling Hydro-Technology: From Ancient Times to Present and Future

A 15 C’s Pathway of Sustainability in Environmental Health Management & The Crucial Role of Higher Education Institutions

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