Chapter 4 Heartworm Disease in Animals and Humans

McCall, John W.; Genchi, C.; Kramer, Laura; Guerrero, Jorge; Venco, Luigi

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00204-2

Cited by 496 publications

(481 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…While larval stages (L3/L4) are effectively killed, long-term administration is necessary for premature and adult worms, and the older the worms are when first exposed to macrocyclic lactones, the longer it takes them to die. Three-months-old larvae require up to one year and mature adults 2.5 years of monthly application of preventive doses of ivermectin (6 µg/kg) to provide efficacy of at least 95 % (McCall et al 2008). Also, higher doses of ivermectin (200 µg/kg) and shorter treatment intervals did not greatly enhance the efficacy (McCall 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Petry

Genchi

Schmidt³

et al. 2015

Parasitol Res

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This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid 10 %/moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) spot-on (Advocate ® /Advantage ® Multi, Bayer) against adult Dirofilaria repens in a blinded, placebocontrolled randomised laboratory study. Twentyfour Beagle dogs were experimentally infected with approximately 75 infective D. repens larvae each on study day (SD) 0. Treatment was initiated on SD 228 after patency had been confirmed in 21 dogs, using a modified Knott Test. Eleven dogs received monthly treatments with imidacloprid/moxidectin at the minimum therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg imidacloprid and 2.5 mg/kg moxidectin) for six consecutive months and 12 control dogs were treated with a placebo formulation.Approximately one month after the last treatment, all dogs were euthanised and necropsied for the detection of D. repens worms. Eleven control dogs harboured live adult D. repens (range 2-11, geometric mean 5.44). Eight of 11 imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs were free of live worms. The live worm count was reduced by 96.2 % (range 0-1, geometric mean 0.21). The majority of dead worms were encapsulated and degenerated. After the first treatment, Knott Tests were negative in all imidacloprid/moxidectin-treated dogs and this status was maintained in 10 dogs until study end. One dog showed a low microfilariae count (1 and 4/mL) on four occasions but was also negative before necropsy. The treatment was well tolerated by all study animals. It is concluded that six consecutive

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Petry

Genchi

Schmidt³

et al. 2015

Parasitol Res

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“…D. immitis can be transmitted to humans inducing pulmonary dirofilariosis with benign pulmonary nodules which may be misidentified as malignant tumours (Simon et al, 2005). In spite of the availability of reliable diagnostic tools and effective prophylaxis, HWD is still prevalent in dogs in large areas (McCall et al, 2008). Dirofilariosis in animals and humans is being detected more and more frequently in the Mediterranean countries (Genchi et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

et al. 2016

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A survey was conducted in the eastern part of Romania to assess the prevalence and geographical distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Plasma samples were collected from 458 stray dogs hosted in shelters in 8 counties and tested serologically for the presence of heartworm. In addition, 45 blood samples from dogs of a shelter in Galati city were examined by the modified Knott and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The immmunological assay showed a heartworm infection prevalence of 8.9% in the dogs. Optical density results for positive samples ranged between 0.217 and 2.683. Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to produce overlays of distribution maps of D. immitis prevalence and predictive maps based on temperature suitability. High prevalence of D. immitis was found in the central East up to the northern border of the country, i.e.Galati county (60%), followed by the counties of Vaslui (12.0%) and Iasi (7.7%). Out of 45 samples examined using the Knott test, 23 were positive for circulating microfilariae (51.1%), while 19 dogs were positive for D. immitis and 4 for both D. immitis and D. repens with the multiplex PCR test. The high prevalence for D. immitis shown in dogs in the Southeast (Galati, 42.2%) also by multiplex PCR gave strong support to the results achieved by the serological tests. The present study confirms the ability of GIS to predict the distribution and epidemiology of dirofilariosis in different geographical territories as has been already demonstrated by the empirical epidemiological data obtained at the continental, national and intraregional levels.

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“…1 Among several species of filarial worms, human infections are mostly caused by nematodes belonging to the genus Dirofilaria (Spirurida, Onchocercidae), which are located predominantly in the subcutaneous tissues and pulmonary vessels, but also in central nervous system, and cause a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to more severe (e.g., cough, chest pains, eosinophilia, and hemoptysis). 2 Although Dirofilaria immitis , the agent of cardio-pulmonary disease in dogs is considered with the filarioid of raccoons ( Dirofilaria tenuis ) the main agent of human dirofilariasis in the Americas, 3 Dirofilaria repens , which is usually found in the subcutaneous tissue of dogs, is the main causative agent of human dirofilariasis in the Old Word. 4 In most human cases of ocular dirofilariasis caused by D .…”

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confidence: 99%

Human Ocular Infection with Dirofilaria repens (Railliet and Henry, 1911) in an Area Endemic for Canine Dirofilariasis

Otranto¹,

Brianti²,

Gaglio³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Dirofilaria repens , which is usually found in canine subcutaneous tissues, is the main causative agent of human dirofilariasis in the Old Word. However, a relationship between animal and human cases of dirofilariasis caused by D. repens in a given area has never been demonstrated. The uneven distribution of D. repens in provinces in Sicily, Italy represented the foundation for this study. We report a human case of ocular infection with D. repens from Trapani Province, where canine dirofilariasis is endemic. The nematode was morphologically and molecularly identified and surgical removal of the parasite was documented. The relationship between the prevalence of D. repens in dogs and the occurrence of human cases of ocular dirofilariasis is discussed on the basis of a review of the historical literature.

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Chapter 4 Heartworm Disease in Animals and Humans

Cited by 496 publications

References 168 publications

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Evaluation of the Adulticidal Efficacy of Imidacloprid 10 %/Moxidectin 2.5 % (w/v) Spot-on (Advocate®, Advantage® Multi) against Dirofilaria repens in Experimentally Infected Dogs

Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

Human Ocular Infection with Dirofilaria repens (Railliet and Henry, 1911) in an Area Endemic for Canine Dirofilariasis

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