Chapter 3: Programmed Cell Death in Plants

Gadjev, Ilya; Stone, Julie M.; Gechev, Tsanko

doi:10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01403-2

Cited by 223 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 266 publications

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“…ROS are traditionally considered mediators of oxidative stress and inducers of apoptosis (50). The data reported here indicate that ROS and, specifically, peroxides transmit and mediate signals originated in the plasma membrane by tyrosine kinase receptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Reactive Oxygen Species, Ki-Ras, and Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Cooperate in Nerve Growth Factor-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells

Cassano

Secondo

Damato

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces terminal differentiation in PC12, a pheochromocytoma-derived cell line. NGF binds a specific receptor on the membrane and triggers the ERK1/2 cascade, which stimulates the transcription of neural genes. We report that NGF significantly affects mitochondrial metabolism by reducing mitochondrial-produced reactive oxygen species and stabilizing the electrochemical gradient. This is accomplished by stimulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally via Ki-Ras and ERK1/2. Activation of MnSOD is essential for completion of neuronal differentiation because 1) expression of MnSOD induces the transcription of a neuronal specific promoter and neurite outgrowth, 2) silencing of endogenous MnSOD by small interfering RNA significantly reduces transcription induced by NGF, and 3) a Ki-Ras mutant in the polylysine stretch at the COOH terminus, unable to stimulate MnSOD, fails to induce complete differentiation. Overexpression of MnSOD restores differentiation in cells expressing this mutant. ERK1/2 is also downstream of MnSOD, as a SOD mimetic drug stimulates ERK1/2 with the same kinetics of NGF and silencing of MnSOD reduces NGF-induced late ERK1/2. Long term activation of ERK1/2 by NGF requires SOD activation, low levels of hydrogen peroxide, and the integrity of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Confocal immunofluorescence shows that NGF stimulates the formation of a complex containing membrane-bound Ki-Ras, microtubules, and mitochondria. We propose that active NGF receptor induces association of mitochondria with plasma membrane. Local activation of ERK1/2 by Ki-Ras stimulates mitochondrial SOD, which reduces reactive oxygen species and produces H 2 O 2 . Low and spatially restricted levels of H 2 O 2 induce and maintain long term ERK1/2 activity and ultimately differentiation of PC12 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)2 are continuously generated by metabolic reactions in all cellular compartments. Their regulation is crucial for cell survival and differentiation.We have been studying the biological effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Ras on ROS metabolism. Cells expressing Ki-Ras reduce ROS levels and become tolerant to oxidative stress (1, 2). The effects of NGF on ROS are rather peculiar, as it has been shown that NGF increases (3, 4) or reduces (5) cellular ROS.PC12 cells represent an ideal system to test the link between differentiation and ROS metabolism. These cells undergo terminal differentiation or growth depending on the type of stimulus and the shape of the kinase cascade (6 -8). NGF selectively induces long term ERK1/2 activation, which appears essential for complete differentiation. This has been primarily ascribed to differential receptor turnover (7, 9, 10) or the activation scaffold proteins, linking specific tyrosine kinase receptors to the Ras-ERK1/2 cascade (for example CNK2) (11) or differential regulation of MEK phosphatases (for example SHP2-3) (12).To dissect the molecular link(s) between ROS an...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Reactive Oxygen Species, Ki-Ras, and Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Cooperate in Nerve Growth Factor-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells

Cassano

Secondo

Damato

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The apoptosis-like PCD, occurring mainly in light-grown GSC (Figs. 3 and 4), could also depend on the involvement of chloroplasts [44, 49]. In agreement to this, in Arabidopsis UV light alone induces PCD mediated by caspase-like activities [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…ROS could be therefore maintained below a critical level to avoid that they become cytotoxic and thus acting as necrosis inducers [43]. This protection could even prevent ROS from behaving as signals to trigger apoptosis-like PCD [44] in RSC mitochondria, where ROS synthesis is known to be lower, if compared to that of chloroplast [45]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids and darkness lower PCD in senescing Vitis vinifera suspension cell cultures

et al. 2016

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BackgroundSenescence is a key developmental process occurring during the life cycle of plants that can be induced also by environmental conditions, such as starvation and/or darkness. During senescence, strict control of genes regulates ordered degradation and dismantling events, the most remarkable of which are genetically programmed cell death (PCD) and, in most cases, an upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the presence of light.Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that play multiple essential roles in development, reproduction and defence of plants, partly due to their well-known antioxidant properties, which could affect also the same cell death machinery. To understand further the effect of endogenously-produced flavonoids and their interplay with different environment (light or dark) conditions, two portions (red and green) of a senescing grapevine callus were used to obtain suspension cell cultures. Red Suspension cell Cultures (RSC) and Green Suspension cell Cultures (GSC) were finally grown under either dark or light conditions for 6 days.ResultsDarkness enhanced cell death (mainly necrosis) in suspension cell culture, when compared to those grown under light condition. Furthermore, RSC with high flavonoid content showed a higher viability compared to GSC and were more protected toward PCD, in accordance to their high content in flavonoids, which might quench ROS, thus limiting the relative signalling cascade. Conversely, PCD was mainly occurring in GSC and further increased by light, as it was shown by cytochrome c release and TUNEL assays.ConclusionsEndogenous flavonoids were shown to be good candidates for exploiting an efficient protection against oxidative stress and PCD induction. Light seemed to be an important environmental factor able to induce PCD, especially in GSC, which lacking of flavonoids were not capable of preventing oxidative damage and signalling leading to senescence.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0917-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The overproduction of H 2 O 2 may lead to cell death and oxidative damage [54]. MDA is produced from cell membrane peroxidation [55].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of amendments on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by Rhizoma chuanxiong on copper and cadmium contaminated soil

Xie¹,

Xiao²,

Sun³

et al. 2018

R. Soc. open sci.

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An improved method was applied for remediating cadmium and copper co-contaminated soil and reducing the metal concentration in Rhizoma chuanxiong. Pot experiments were conducted with six amendments (composed with bentonite, phosphate, humic acid, biochar, sepiolite powder, etc.). The results showed that soil pH, biological activities (soil enzymatic activities and microbial counts) and R. chuanxiong biomass were greatly improved with the addition of amendments in all treatments, especially in T3 and T6. Also, amendments effectively decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde and H2O2 in R. chuanxiong. In the T3 treatment, the bio-available Cd and Cu in soil were significantly decreased by 0.53 and 0.41 mg kg−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the amendment in T3 reduced Cd and Cu accumulation in R. chuanxiong about 45.83 and 39.37%, respectively, compared to T0. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra showed the surface functional groups of every amendment. To conclude, this study offers an effective and environmental method to reduce metal accumulation in R. chuanxiong on heavy metal co-contaminated soil.

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Chapter 3: Programmed Cell Death in Plants

Cited by 223 publications

References 266 publications

Reactive Oxygen Species, Ki-Ras, and Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Cooperate in Nerve Growth Factor-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells

Reactive Oxygen Species, Ki-Ras, and Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase Cooperate in Nerve Growth Factor-induced Differentiation of PC12 Cells

Flavonoids and darkness lower PCD in senescing Vitis vinifera suspension cell cultures

Effects of amendments on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by Rhizoma chuanxiong on copper and cadmium contaminated soil

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