Chapter 3.

Abstract

The Gap in Psychology: the Missing Link between Personality and Cognition-The Subject-Object Problem and the Contingency of Being Object on Being-The World as Phenomenon and as Process-The Diltheyan Gap and ExplanatorineskGestalt Psychology and Phenomenology-Parallelism and Znteractionism-The Isomorphic Circle-Valuesand Requiredness-The Gestaltist Movement as a Time Gestalt of Weak Closure.

Psychopathologies of time: Defining mental illness in early 20th-century psychiatry

“…Like Bergson, psychologists claimed that individual orientation within clock-time was necessary to exist in the world even if it was secondary to duration in immediate experience. Psychiatrist Ulrich Sonnemann explained this halfway stance as a sensitivity to the sensory world external to the body, where clock-time was crucial for social interaction, combined with the ‘psychosomatic conditions’ of the individual – what Nathan Israeli called a ‘syntonic’ reaction of simultaneous social and personal temporal processing (Sonnemann, 1954: 295). Minkowski thus averred that man experienced time in life through both a stable (clock-time) and a dynamic (duration) aspect (Minkowski, 1970[1933]: xxiv).…”

“…Uncovering the ‘psychology of time’ was crucial to understanding how mental processes allowed subjects to recognize the present, judge the passage of time, and relate time to ‘other contents of consciousness’ (Lewis, 1932: 612). These authors urged psychiatrists to seek ‘the spatiotemporal substratum of the whole psychopathological syndrome’, not only in order to define and understand mental disorders based within an intellectual framework of abnormal temporalities, but also as a means of understanding the self-actualization of man in general (Minkowski, 1970[1933]: 252; Sonnemann, 1954: 295). The following three sections accordingly detail the temporal features of depression, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders, revealing how conceptions of future time were utilized to rationalize and diagnose psychopathologies.…”