Chapter 27 The neurobiology of the central nucleus of the amygdala in relation to neuroendocrine and autonomic outflow

Bohus, B.; Koolhaas, Jaap M.; Luiten, P.G.M.; Korte, S.M.; Roozendaal, Benno; Wiersma, A.

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61881-6

Cited by 65 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Amy = amygdala; Ant MTL = anterior medial temporal lobe; Obfc = orbito-frontal cortex; rACC = rostral anterior cingulate cortex; ns = nonsignificant. responses through regulation of the brainstem (Davis, 1997;Bohus et al, 1996;LeDoux et al, 1988). These bodily responses may in turn influence cortical areas via feedback either from proprioceptive or visceral signals or hormones (LeDoux, 2001;McGaugh et al, 1995;Damasio, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, amygdala may contribute to pain processing both directly by regulating nociceptive modulating systems in the brainstem and indirectly by controlling behavioral and autonomic output during pain. One of the implications derived from these studies (Helmstetter et al, 1998;Roozendaal et al, 1997;Bohus et al, 1996) is an expected relative increase of the activity in the amygdala in functional imaging of pain, in analogy with similar activations observed when fear-relevant stimuli are processed (Whalen et al, 1998;Lane et al, 1997;Zald & Pardo, 1997;Morris et al, 1996Morris et al, , 1999. In contrast, several functional imaging studies have described a relative decrease of the activity in amygdala during painful stimulation (e.g., Becerra, Breiter, Wise, Gonzalez, & Borsook, 2001;Becerra et al, 1999;Petrovic, Ingvar, Stone-Elander, Petersson, & Hansson, 1999;Derbyshire et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…For example, it has been postulated that the amygdala is involved in stress-induced analgesia by controlling descending opioid-dependent pathways to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent structures in the brainstem (Helmstetter, Tershner, Poore, & Bellgowan, 1998;Fanselow, 1994). The amygdala has, moreover, been recognized as a key structure for the response to stress in general (Roozendaal, Koolhaas, & Bohus, 1997;Bohus et al, 1996), for example, it may exert control over behavioral and autonomic responses mediated by the periaqueductal gray and the hypothalamus during fear processing (LeDoux, Iwata, Cicchetti, & Reis, 1988). Thus, amygdala may contribute to pain processing both directly by regulating nociceptive modulating systems in the brainstem and indirectly by controlling behavioral and autonomic output during pain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Context-dependent Deactivation of the Amygdala during Pain

Petrović

Carlsson

Petersson

et al. 2004

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract& The amygdala has been implicated in fundamental functions for the survival of the organism, such as fear and pain. In accord with this, several studies have shown increased amygdala activity during fear conditioning and the processing of fear-relevant material in human subjects. In contrast, functional neuroimaging studies of pain have shown a decreased amygdala activity. It has previously been proposed that the observed deactivations of the amygdala in these studies indicate a cognitive strategy to adapt to a distressful but in the experimental setting unavoidable painful event. In this positron emission tomography study, we show that a simple contextual manipulation, immediately preceding a painful stimulation, that increases the anticipated duration of the painful event leads to a decrease in amygdala activity and modulates the autonomic response during the noxious stimulation. On a behavioral level, 7 of the 10 subjects reported that they used coping strategies more intensely in this context. We suggest that the altered activity in the amygdala may be part of a mechanism to attenuate pain-related stress responses in a context that is perceived as being more aversive. The study also showed an increased activity in the rostral part of anterior cingulate cortex in the same context in which the amygdala activity decreased, further supporting the idea that this part of the cingulate cortex is involved in the modulation of emotional and pain networks. &

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Context-dependent Deactivation of the Amygdala during Pain

Petrović

Carlsson

Petersson

et al. 2004

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…In general, the hippocampus has an inhibitory role (58), whereas the amygdala has a generally facilitative role (14,118,124). Hippocampal lesions produced elevated cortisol secretion under a variety of stressful and nonstressful conditions (58), although the results reported in the literature are not entirely consistent [e.g., see (16,58)].…”

Section: The Hippocampus and Hpa Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and the Aging Hippocampus

McEwen

1999

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

205

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The ''glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis'' of hippocampal aging has stimulated a great deal of research into the neuroendocrine aspects of aging and the role of glucocorticoids, in particular. Besides strengthening the methods for investigating the aging brain, this research has revealed that the interactions between glucocorticoids and hippocampal neurons are far more complicated than originally envisioned and involve the participation of neurotransmitter systems, particularly the excitatory amino acids, as well as calcium ions and neurotrophins. New information has provided insights into the role of early experience in determining individual differences in brain and body aging by setting the reactivity of the hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system. As a result of this research and advances in neuroscience and the study of aging, we now have a far more sophisticated view of the interactions among genes, early development, and environmental influences, as well as a greater appreciation of events at the cellular and molecular levels which protect neurons, and a greater appreciation of pathways of neuronal damage and destruction. While documenting the ultimate vulnerability of the brain to stressful challenges and to the aging process, the net result of this research has highlighted the resilience of the brain and offered new hope for treatment strategies for promoting the health of the aging brain. KEY WORDS: stress; hippocampal aging; glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. 1999 Academic Press INTRODUCTIONThe hippocampus is a particularly vulnerable and sensitive region of the brain that is also very important for declarative and spatial learning and memory (36). Hippocampal neurons are vulnerable to seizures, strokes, and head trauma, as well as responding to stressful experiences (27,92,130). At the same time they show remarkable plasticity, involving long-term synaptic potentiation and depression, dendritic remodeling, synaptic turnover, and neurogenesis in the case of the dentate gyrus (Fig 1) (17,27,92).The work of aus der Muhlen and Ockenfels (3) first drew attention to potentially toxic actions of adrenal steroids. The reported darkly stained neurons in the hippocampus of guinea pigs exposed to high levels of glucocorticoids, an observation that has been confirmed and extended to repeated stress in subsequent studies (41,100), although there are still some doubts as to whether ''dark neurons'' may be artifacts of tissue trauma (18). In 1968, we discovered receptors for adrenal steroids in hippocampus (95), and it is now known that two types of adrenal steroid receptors exist in the hippocampus and other brain regions and mediate a variety of adrenal steroid effects on excitability, neurochemistry, and structure (27). Landfield (68) and then Sapolsky (127,128) provided evidence for a role of adrenal steroids in neuronal aging in the hippocampus, leading to the formulation of the ''glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis '' (130). This hypothesis states that glucocorticoids participate in a ...

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“…4PP, QQ), is strongly implicated in the cardiovascular responses (notably the baroreceptor reflex) that accompany elevated levels of stress and anxiety, and are also associated with defensive behavior (Korte et al, 1992;Bohus et al, 1996;Walker and Winn, 2007;Netzer et al, 2011). Prominent outputs of the CUN include a connection to the PAG with a topographic organization correlating to the rostral-caudal site in the CUN (Netzer et al, 2011).…”

Section: Cerebrospinal Trunk: Motor Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region in the male rat

Hahn

Swanson

2012

J of Comparative Neurology

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The connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) were investigated in a series of pathway-tracing experiments involving iontophoretic co-injection of the tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L; for outputs) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB; for inputs). Results revealed that the LHAjd has connections with some 318 distinct gray matter regions encompassing all four subsystems-motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral state -included in a basic structure-function network model of the nervous system. Integration of these subsystems is necessary for the coordination and control of emotion and behavior, and in that regard the connections of the LHAjd indicate that it may have a prominent role. Furthermore, the LHAjd connections, together with the connections of other LHA differentiations studied similarly to date, indicate a distinct topographic organization that suggests each LHA differentiation has specifically differing degrees of involvement in the control of multiple behaviors. For the LHAjd, its involvement to a high degree in the control of defensive behavior, and to a lesser degree in the control of other behaviors, including ingestive and reproductive, is suggested. Moreover, the connections of the LHAjd suggest that its possible role in the control of these behaviors may be very broad in scope because they involve the somatic, neuroendocrine, and autonomic divisions of the nervous system. In addition, we suggest that connections between LHA differentiations may provide, at the level of the hypothalamus, a neuronal substrate for the coordinated control of multiple themes in the behavioral repertoire. INDEXING TERMShypothalamus; periaqueductal gray; hippocampal formation; behavior; motivation An emerging view of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) reveals a highly regionally differentiated neuronal architecture with correspondingly differentiated axonal connections characterized by an extensive divergent and convergent topographic organization (Swanson, 2004;Goto et al., 2005;Swanson et al., 2005;Hahn, 2010;Hahn and Swanson, 2010). Such an organization calls for an equivalently extensive comparative analysis of the underlying organization of the severally parceled LHA (16 provisional LHA regions within the hypothalamic lateral zone) (Swanson, 2004). In a previous article (Hahn and Swanson, 2010), we presented the results of a high-resolution analysis of the axonal inputs and outputs of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) juxtaparaventricular (LHAjp) and suprafornical (LHAs) regions-two differentiations of the hypothalamic lateral zone middle group within NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript respectively a medial (LHAjp) and perifornical (LHAs) tier of a recently revised parcellation for the LHA (Swanson, 2004;Swanson et al., 2005).The previous work showed that the LHAjp and LHAs have interregional connections with several hundred distinct gray matter regions encompassing all four subsystems (motor, sensory, cognitive, and...

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Chapter 27 The neurobiology of the central nucleus of the amygdala in relation to neuroendocrine and autonomic outflow

Cited by 65 publications

References 57 publications

Context-dependent Deactivation of the Amygdala during Pain

Context-dependent Deactivation of the Amygdala during Pain

Stress and the Aging Hippocampus

Connections of the lateral hypothalamic area juxtadorsomedial region in the male rat

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