Chapter 2. Potential for metal-carbide, -nitride, and -phosphide as future hydrotreating (HT) catalysts for processing of bio-oils

Synergy in Lignin Upgrading by a Combination of Cu-Based Mixed Oxide and Ni-Phosphide Catalysts in Supercritical Ethanol

“…16,17 Although these catalysts display high HDO activity in their sulfide form, the sulfur content of lignin-derived bio-oils is too low to maintain the catalyst in the active sulfided state during HDO reactions. 18 Accordingly, transition metal phosphides have been considered as catalysts to catalyze HDO reactions. 18,19 The preparation of metal phosphides is relatively straightforward and, similar to conventional hydrotreating catalysts, base metals such as Ni and Mo make excellent metal phosphide HDO catalysts.…”

Preparative Aspects of Supported Ni2P Catalysts for Reductive Upgrading of Technical Lignin to Aromatics

“…Transition metal phosphides constitute a promising class of hydrotreating catalysts, because they do not require sulfidation, their preparation is relatively easy, they do not contain noble metals, and they are able to activate hydrogen [21]. Metal phosphides are usually prepared by simultaneous reduction of a metal salt or oxide and a phosphorus compound with hydrogen [22].…”

Platinum Group Metal Phosphides as Efficient Catalysts in Hydroprocessing and Syngas-Related Catalysis

“…Especially, metal-rich phosphides that have excellent heat and electrical conductivities and high thermal and chemical stabilities can match the properties desired for hydrotreatment [25,54,63]. This can be attributed to their good hydrogen transfer properties that are enhanced by the presence of phosphorus [64,65].…”

“…The advantage of these materials is that their properties can be tuned depending on the metal chosen or by varying the metal/phosphorus ratio or the particle size of the phosphides [54]. It will be interesting to see the advances in the field in order to design an optimal phosphide-based catalyst for HDO.…”

“…Due to the higher intrinsic activity of the Rh 2 P catalyst, different publications have focused on the application of Rh 2 P as a catalyst material for hydrotreating reactions [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]43,47,52], for the hydrogen evolution reaction [53], and for the hydroformylation [35]. Reviews focusing on the metal phosphides in general and their applications as catalyst materials can be found elsewhere [24][25][26]49,54,55].…”