Chapter 2 Metabolism and population dynamics of the intestinal microflora in the growing pig

Katouli, Mohammad; Wallgren, Per

doi:10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70035-9

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Coliforms represent a variety of gram-negative bacteria common to the gastrointestinal tract, and F. coli are a specific member exclusive to the mammalian intestines (Katouli and Wallgren, 2005). Lysozyme is known to be more active against gram-positive bacteria (Costerton et al, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology of 10-day-old pigs1

May

Wells

Maxwell

et al. 2012

Journal of Animal Science

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Lysozyme is a 1,4-β-N-acetylmuramidase that has antimicrobial properties. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of a purified granulated lysozyme, compared with antibiotics, on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and Campylobacter shedding in 10-d-old pigs. Forty-eight pigs (n = 16 per treatment), with an initial BW of 4.0 ± 0.1 kg (P > 0.40), were weaned at 10 d of age, blocked by litter and sex, and assigned to pens (8 pigs/pen). Each block was randomly assigned to consume 1 of 3 liquid dietary treatments for 14 d: a control diet, the control diet + lysozyme (100 mg/kg of diet), or the control diet + antibiotics (neomycin and oxytetracycline, 16 mg/kg of diet). Pigs were weighed and blood was sampled on d 0, 7, and 14. Blood was analyzed for plasma urea N and IgA. After 14 d of treatment, pigs were killed and samples of the jejunum and ileum were collected and fixed to measure villus height and crypt depth. Rectal swabs were taken on d 0, 7, and 14 of treatment, and samples of ileal and cecal contents were taken at d 14 of treatment to determine the presence of Campylobacter. Pigs consuming lysozyme and antibiotics gained BW at a faster rate than did control pigs over the course of the study (402 ± 12 and 422 ± 14 g/d, respectively, vs. 364 ± 14 g/d; P < 0.02), resulting in heavier ending BW (9.9 ± 0.3, 9.9 ± 0.3, and 9.0 ± 0.2 kg for pigs in the lysozyme, antibiotic, and control groups, respectively; P < 0.03). Immunoglobulin A decreased and plasma urea N increased over the course of the study (P < 0.1), regardless of dietary treatment (P > 0.6). Crypt depth was increased in pigs fed lysozyme- and antibiotic-treated diets, compared with pigs fed the control diet, in both the jejunum (60.0 ± 2.8 and 62.2 ± 3.0 µm, respectively, vs. 50.7 ± 3.1 µm; P < 0.03) and ileum (76.0 ± 7.5 and 72.2 ± 5.0 µm, respectively, vs. 52.4 ± 3.5 µm; P < 0.02). Villus height did not differ in the jejunum (P > 0.2) but was increased in the ileum of pigs consuming the lysozyme- and antibiotic-treated diets, compared with pigs fed the control diet (312 ± 20 and 314 ± 10 µm, respectively, vs. 263 ± 15 µm; P < 0.4). Small intestinal total mucosa and mucosal protein concentrations, as well as disaccharidase-specific activities, were not altered by lysozyme or antibiotics (P > 0.05). Campylobacter was detected in 27% of control samples but in only 5% of samples from pigs fed antibiotics and 8% of samples from pigs fed lysozyme (P < 0.01). Thus, granulated lysozyme is a suitable alternative to antibiotics for 10-d-old pigs consuming manufactured liquid diets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology of 10-day-old pigs1

May

Wells

Maxwell

et al. 2012

Journal of Animal Science

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“…The lactic acidrelated trophic chain in LAB, is one of the major metabolic pathways in the mammalian gut. 108,109 Increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the cecum of pigs directly correlates with high feed efficiency.…”

Section: Prebiotics and Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review

Patil

Gooneratne

2019

Gut Microbes

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It is well established that pig gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis as well as in a myriad of physiological, neurological and immunological functions; including protection from pathogens and digestion of food materialssome of which would be otherwise indigestible by the pig. A rich and diverse gut microbial ecosystem (balanced microbiota) is the hallmark of good health; while qualitative and quantitative perturbations in the microbial composition can lead to development of various diseases. Alternatively, diseases caused by stressors or other factors have been shown to negatively impact the microbiota. This review focuses primarily on how commensal microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs influence biochemical, physiological, immunological, and metabolic processes within the host animal.

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“…The identified bacterial isolates with TU-forming ability include some of the most prevalent intestinal bacteria, i.e., lactobacilli, coliforms, and enterococci populating the intestine of pigs (49,59). Since these bacteria are common residents of the intestine in many animal species, the occurrence of TU in urine of several animal species, as reported earlier (2), may be easily explained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The levels of microbial intestinal TU formation in vitro observed in the present study were significantly different between porcine life stages. It has indeed been previously reported that the diversity of the intestinal microbiota in pigs increases with age (48,49,50), which could explain the higher levels of TU production by fecal inocula derived from elder sows. Moreover, the levels of E. coli and Lactobacillus sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Thiouracil-Forming Bacteria Identified and Characterized upon Porcine In Vitro Digestion of Brassicaceae Feed

Kiebooms

Wauters

Bussche

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In recent years, the frequent detection of the banned thyreostat thiouracil (TU) in livestock urine has been related to endogenous TU formation following digestion of glucosinolate-rich Brassicaceae crops. Recently, it was demonstrated that, upon in vitro digestion of Brassicaceae, fecal bacteria induce TU detection in livestock (porcine livestock > bovines). Therefore, the present study was intended to isolate and identify bacteria involved in this intestinal TU formation upon Brassicaceae digestion and to gain more insight into the underlying mechanism in porcine livestock. Twenty porcine fecal inocula (gilts and multiparous sows) were assessed through static in vitro colonic-digestion simulations with rapeseed. After derivatization and extraction of the fecal suspensions, TU was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS 2 ). On average, lower TU concentrations were observed in fecal colonic simulations in gilts (8.35 ng g ؊1 rapeseed ؎ 3.42 [mean ؎ standard deviation]) than in multiparous sows (52.63 ng g ؊1 ؎ 16.17), which correlates with maturation of the gut microbial population with age. Further exploration of the mechanism showed cell-dependent activity of the microbial conversion and sustained TU-forming activity after subjection of the fecal inoculum to moderate heat over a time span of up to 30 min. Finally, nine TU-producing bacterial species were successfully isolated and identified by a combination of biochemical and molecular techniques as Escherichia coli (n ‫؍‬ 5), Lactobacillus reuteri (n ‫؍‬ 2), Enterococcus faecium (n ‫؍‬ 1), and Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (n ‫؍‬ 1). This report demonstrates that endogenous formation of TU is Brassicaceae induced and occurs under colonic conditions most likely through myrosinase-like enzyme activity expressed by different common intestinal bacterial species.

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Chapter 2 Metabolism and population dynamics of the intestinal microflora in the growing pig

Cited by 6 publications

References 122 publications

Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology of 10-day-old pigs1

Granulated lysozyme as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance and small intestinal morphology of 10-day-old pigs1

Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review

Thiouracil-Forming Bacteria Identified and Characterized upon Porcine In Vitro Digestion of Brassicaceae Feed

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