Chapter 2: Cattle

Gallo, Carmen; Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S.; Gibson, T. J.

doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-924-4_2

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 407 publications

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“…Another study [ 62 ] reported some causes in cattle, such as dead animals in pens (64%), moribund cattle (32.4%), and epithelioma (1.8%). As seen before, the total carcass condemnation of cattle represents an important impact for farmers [ 66 ].…”

Section: Surveillance Of Livestock Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review

García‐Díez

Saraiva

Moura

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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From the point of public health, the objective of the slaughterhouse is to guarantee the safety of meat in which meat inspection represent an essential tool to control animal diseases and guarantee the public health. The slaughterhouse can be used as surveillance center for livestock diseases. However, other aspects related with animal and human health, such as epidemiology and disease control in primary production, control of animal welfare on the farm, surveillance of zoonotic agents responsible for food poisoning, as well as surveillance and control of antimicrobial resistance, can be monitored. These controls should not be seen as a last defensive barrier but rather as a complement to the controls carried out on the farm. Regarding the control of diseases in livestock, scientific research is scarce and outdated, not taking advantage of the potential for disease control. Animal welfare in primary production and during transport can be monitored throughout ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse, providing valuable individual data on animal welfare. Surveillance and research regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at slaughterhouses is scarce, mainly in cattle, sheep, and goats. However, most of the zoonotic pathogens are sensitive to the antibiotics studied. Moreover, the prevalence at the slaughterhouse of zoonotic and foodborne agents seems to be low, but a lack of harmonization in terms of control and communication may lead to underestimate its real prevalence.

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Section: Surveillance Of Livestock Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review

García‐Díez

Saraiva

Moura

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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“…The behavioural responses that could be quantified to identify fatigue include qualitative characterisation of posture and facial features, reduced responses to external stimuli and increased resting, i.e. lying down (as recently reviewed by Gallo et al., 2022). Blood and tissue measurements indicative of exhaustion of body energy reserves (e.g.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The loading and unloading operations are a strategic element of transport and are based on a series of practices of handling and driving the animals on or off the vehicle through a series of fences, aisles, chutes, docks, ramps and/or hydraulic lifts (as recently reviewed by Gallo et al. (2022) and Cockram (2022)). The quality of these operations is highly dependent on factors in the production environment such as: available infrastructure, microclimatic conditions, handlers' skills, training and attitudes, and logistical planning.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of cattle during transport

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of cattle (including calves) during transport. Welfare of cattle during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of cattle during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 11 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of cattle during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards, mainly relating to inexperienced/untrained handlers, inappropriate handling, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions, and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences were identified. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport for cattle. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and spatial thresholds (minimum space allowance). The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of unweaned calves, cull cows, the export of cattle by livestock vessels, the export of cattle by road, rollon-roll-off ferries and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these.

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“…3 Journeys in South American countries may be over 24 hours, 6,30 with consequences for welfare and health of the cattle transported 15,16 and meat quality. 19,31 The Chilean regulations 22,32 require feed provision for journeys of more than 24 hours. Increased space (0.86 m 2 /head) increases time spent eating and ruminating compared to less space (0.66 m 2 /head).…”

Section: Additional Factors To Be Consideredmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Space restriction during transportation also causes stress to cattle 15,16 . It is therefore important from a welfare perspective 2,17,18 as well as impacting meat quality 13,19 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum space requirements for cattle: An approach based on photographic records

et al. 2023

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Background:The space requirements for accommodating cattle during confinement are based on assessment of both the physical space occupied by the animals and that needed for essential behaviours. The aim of this study was to estimate the area (m 2 ) occupied by cattle of different liveweights in the static standing (ST), recumbency (SR) and sleeping (SL) postures. Methods: The study was conducted in Chile. The area (m 2 ) occupied by 26 female beef cross cattle with liveweights between 45 and 642 kg was estimated in the ST, SR and SL postures through planimetry using overhead photographs. The allometric coefficient k value was obtained for each posture using linear regression equations from the measured weight (kg 0.66 ) and area occupied. Results: Less but more variable space was occupied by each individual in the ST posture compared to SR or SL posture, with clear correlations between weight and occupied area. The k values obtained were 0.014 (ST), 0.023 (SR) and 0.021 (SL), which are all less than international recommendations for the same postures. Limitations: The methodology needs refinement to reduce the distance to the object optical effect in the different postures. Further work is also needed to determine additional space requirements for behavioural needs and movements associated with each posture and change of posture, depending on the type of confinement. Conclusions:We provide a scientific basis on which to objectively establish absolute minimum static space requirements for cattle of different breeds, types, weights and anatomical conformations and calculate k values.

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Chapter 2: Cattle

Cited by 5 publications

References 407 publications

The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review

The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review

Welfare of cattle during transport

Minimum space requirements for cattle: An approach based on photographic records

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