Chapter 19 Hydrogeochemical characterization of mineral waters in São Miguel Island, Azores

Abstract

A dataset on the chemical composition of mineral water discharges from São Miguel, 76 samples, depicts a large variability of chemical types and dissolved solids content. The distribution of the discharges shows an association with the three active Quaternary central volcanoes that dominate the geology of São Miguel, namely Furnas, Fogo and Sete Cidades, 74% of which are springs, 13% fumaroles, 12% wells and 1% hand-dug wells. Total dissolved solids (TDS) values are in the range of 159 -20 957 mg l 21 , discharge temperature varies from 15 to 99.58C and waters are mainly strongly acid to slightly alkaline (pH ranging between 2.2 and 7.71). Springs discharge mainly from perched-water bodies, corresponding to Na-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3 -Cl-type waters, with a composition influenced by absorption of CO 2 and mixing between meteoric water and boiling waters with a hydrothermal component. Instead the majority of the wells are distributed along the coast and depict chloride enrichment owing to mixture with seawater. The lower pH values are associated with boiling pools at Fogo Volcano with a SO 4 -dominated chemistry, resulting from steam-heating of shallow perched-water bodies.

Chapter 1 Volcanic geology of São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago): introduction

“…Ground deformation is an important tool for monitoring geothermal and magmatic systems and Okada et al (2015) provide an interpretation of recent data. Cruz et al (2015) investigate variation in the hydro-geochemistry of mineral waters on São Miguel, while the systems in place to monitor soil degassing of CO 2 on Fogo and Furnas are described by Viveiros et al (2015b).…”