Chapter 12 The physiological basis of the pattern electroretinogram

Zrenner, Eberhart

doi:10.1016/0278-4327(90)90014-9

Cited by 49 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…For faster reversal rates (typically 16 reversals per second), a steady-state, sinusoidal-like waveform is generated, whose period corresponds to the reversal frequency [2]. While the traditional flash ERG is unaltered in conditions that impair retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function, the PERG closely depends on normal RGC activity, and therefore represents an objective and direct measure of RGC function [3][4][5]. The PERG has been shown by many investigators to be altered in ocular hypertension [6,7], for example, and glaucoma (see [8,9] for a review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma

Ventura

Porciatti

2006

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of review-Several studies have shown that the pattern electroretinogram, a direct, objective method of measuring retinal ganglion cell function, is altered early in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Renewed interest in the pattern electroretinogram for early detection of pre-perimetric glaucoma has been sparked by noninvasive and reproducible methods of recording using skin electrodes.Recent findings-With the noninvasive pattern electroretinogram, response abnormalities have been detected in up to 50% of glaucoma suspects with normal standard perimetry. In early glaucoma (with either normal or high intraocular pressure), a reduction of intraocular pressure has sometimes yielded improvement in pattern electroretinogram amplitude. A prolonged steady-state stimulus presentation reduces the pattern electroretinogram amplitude and increases optic nerve blood flow in normal subjects, suggesting that sustained activity of retinal ganglion cells is physiologcally associated with autoregulatory changes of the neuralvascular system. It is unknown whether this autoregulation is altered in glaucoma. The multifocal pattern electroretinogram does not seem to have an advantage over the pattern electroretinogram in the early detection of glaucoma. The photopic negative response of the diffuse flash electroretinogram has shown changes in glaucoma, but may not be able to detect retinal dysfunction in normal tension glaucoma.Summary-The pattern electroretinogram is a noninvasive, direct, objective method that may be useful to clinicians in detecting early retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in glaucoma suspects. The pattern electroretinogram may also optimize treatment strategies based on improvement of retinal ganglion cell function. Keywords

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma

Ventura

Porciatti

2006

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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“…In all mammals studied so far, including human, the P-ERG has been shown to depend on RGC activity, and it is abolished in retrograde RGC degeneration (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). It is worth noticing that P-ERG losses may precede anatomical losses of RGCs (20,21), thereby signaling early retinal dysfunction that eventually leads to cell death.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The visual response of retinal ganglion cells is not altered by optic nerve transection in transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2

Porciatti

Pizzorusso

Cenni

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Attempts to rescue retinal ganglion cells from retrograde degeneration have had limited success, and the residual function of surviving neurons is not known. Recently, it has been found that axotomized retinal ganglion cells die by apoptotic mechanisms. We have used adult transgenic mice overexpressing the Bcl-2 protein, a powerful inhibitor of apoptosis, as a model for preventing injury-induced cell death in vivo. Several months after axotomy, the majority of retinal ganglion cells survived and exhibited normal visual responses. In control wild-type mice, the vast majority of axotomized retinal ganglion cells degenerated, and the physiological responses were abolished. These results suggest that strategies aimed at increasing Bcl-2 expression, or mimicking its function, might effectively counteract trauma-induced cell death in the central nervous system. Neuronal survival is a necessary condition in the challenge for promoting regeneration and eventually restoring neuronal function.Prevention of degeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in adult mammals has been attempted several times using different approaches such as treatment with neurotrophic factors, microglia-suppressing factors, transplant of embryonic tissue, and graft of peripheral nerve sheaths (1-8).As yet, long-term survival has been achieved for only a limited number of axotomized RGCs. Recent results from our laboratory (9, 10), however, have shown that the vast majority of RGCs (approximately 71,000 cells: more than 70% of the total RGC number) survive optic nerve axotomy for at least 3

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“…1 The pattern electroretinogram has been shown to be abnormal in patients with established glaucoma and, sometimes, in ocular hypertension, which suggests its potential usefulness in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. 2-4 In fact, pattern electroretinogram amplitude reduction sometimes precedes other signs of glaucomatous damage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reproducibility of Pattern Electroretinogram in Glaucoma Patients with a Range of Severity of Disease with the New Glaucoma Paradigm

et al. 2008

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Purpose-To determine the reproducibility of the pattern electroretinogram with the new Pattern Electroretinogram for Glaucoma (PERGLA) recording paradigm in glaucoma patients with a range of severity. Design-Experimental study.Participants-Fifty-three glaucoma patients were recruited for the study (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 69 ±11 years). Their mean deviation (MD) global indices on static automatic perimetry ranged from 2.16 to -31.36 decibels (mean MD, −9.05).Intervention-All patients had pattern electroretinogram recordings done 5 times by the same operator, on 5 different days with the standardized PERGLA paradigm.Main Outcome Measures-Pattern electroretinogram amplitude (microvolts), phase (π radians), response variability (coefficient of variation [CV] = SD/mean × 100) of amplitude and phase of 2 partial averages that build up the pattern electroretinogram waveform, interocular asymmetry in amplitude and phase (in terms of the CV generated by the pattern electroretinogram software), signalto-noise (S/N) ratio, SDs, CV, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). All analyses were done on one eye of each subject, except when interocular asymmetry was studied. Conclusions-The reproducibility of PERGLA in glaucomatous patients is sufficiently good for it to be considered a useful complementary clinical tool. Being more reproducible, direct measures Results-The

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Chapter 12 The physiological basis of the pattern electroretinogram

Cited by 49 publications

References 80 publications

Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma

Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma

The visual response of retinal ganglion cells is not altered by optic nerve transection in transgenic mice overexpressing Bcl-2

Reproducibility of Pattern Electroretinogram in Glaucoma Patients with a Range of Severity of Disease with the New Glaucoma Paradigm

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