Chapter 10 The Control of Fouling by Non-Biocidal Systems

Callow, Maureen E.; Pitchers, R. A.; Milne, A.

doi:10.1016/s0166-1116(08)72176-9

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Silicone fouling-release coatings allow fouling to accumulate, but prevent its firm attachment (Callow et al 1986;Swain & Schultz, 1996;Vincent & Bausch, 1997;Schultz et al 1999). Poor adhesion of attached organisms is caused by the surface and material properties of the coating, including low surface energy and elastic modulus (see Bausch, 1997 andBrady & for reviews; Chaudhury et al 2005), and increased coating thickness (see Brady & Singer, 2000 for review;Chaudhury et al 2005;Wendt et al 2006), that affect the fracture of the bond between fouling organism and coating (Brady & Singer, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces

Holm

Kavanagh

Meyer³

et al. 2006

Biofouling

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The adhesion of six fouling organisms: the barnacle Balanus eburneus, the gastropod mollusc Crepidula fornicata, the bivalve molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea/Dendrostrea spp., and the serpulid tubeworms Hydroides dianthus and H. elegans, to 12 silicone fouling-release surfaces was examined. Removal stress (adhesion strength) varied among the fouling species and among the surfaces. Principal component analysis of the removal stress data revealed that the fouling species fell into two distinct groups, one comprising the bivalve molluscs and tubeworms, and the other the barnacle and the gastropod mollusc. None of the silicone materials generated a minimum in removal stress for all the organisms tested, although several surfaces produced low adhesion strengths for both groups of species. These results suggest that fouling-release materials do not rank (in terms of adhesion strength) identically for all fouling organisms, and thus development of a globally-effective hull coating will continue to require testing against a diversity of encrusting species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces

Holm

Kavanagh

Meyer³

et al. 2006

Biofouling

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“…Nevertheless many are unsuccessful (Milne & Callow, 1985;1986;Brady, 1987;Callow & Fletcher, 1994;Edwards et al, 1994). Although for these materials some correspondence has been observed between resistance to marine fouling and high values of the initial contact angle for small drops of water on freshly prepared surfaces (Edwards et al, 1994), the reasons for these differences remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The surface properties of silicone elastomers Exposed to seawater

Nevell

Edwards

Davis³

et al. 1996

Biofouling

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The performances of some silicone elastomers as compliant coatings which are resistant to marine fouling have been assessed from a sea-water exposure trial covering three fouling seasons. Measurements of contact angles (polar and non-polar liquids, recently-advanced and recently-receded liquid drops and air bubbles) have been used to investigate the surface properties of materials and of coatings resistant to fouling after two years' exposure. The unmodified poly (dimethyIsiloxane) elastomer General Electric (GE) 21 was still resistant to marine settlement after three seasons and the poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) GE655 only became fouled during the third season. No other unmodified material showed resistance to fouling beyond two seasons. The addition of a low-viscosity poly(dimethylsiloxane) oil to GE655 in a sufficient quantity (20 mass %) to cause blooming resulted in a material that remained free of fouling. Time-dependent behaviour by drops of all liquids on freshly prepared samples was observed in recently-advanced contact angles but not by recently-receded contact angles. With polar liquids, hard clear elastomers showed stepwise changes and also gave considerable contact-angle hysteresis effects. Immersion in water over a period of several weeks brought about a slow decrease in the hydrophobicity of all elastomers. GE21, after exposure in seawater for over two years, also showed a decrease as indicated by the contact angle of distilled water drops on its surface. The slow changes in the interfacial properties of silicones with polar liquids are attributed to rearrangements of polymer chains close to the surface, driven by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the solvent and oxygen atoms in the backbone. Penetration of the material by water gradually increases the surface energy and, sooner or later, the material becomes susceptible to fouling. For GE655, this may be delayed by incorporating with the formulation a relatively incompatible low-viscosity silicone oil.

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“…Characteristic strengths and frequencies of cell adhesion to physicochemically different substratum surfaces are thought to be contingent upon the specific properties of cellmembrane associated molecules (Christie, 1973;Callow & Fletcher, 1994;Evans & Steele, 1998;Shen & Horbett, 2001). Substratum surface chemistry has long been known to influence settlement of bacteria (Paul & Jeffrey, 1985a;Davis et al, 1989;Cooksey & Wigglesworth-Cooksey, 1995), invertebrate larvae (Callow et al, 1986;French & Evans, 1986;Alberte et al, 1992;Holm et al, 1997) and algae (Christie, 1973;Fletcher & Baier, 1984;Callow et al, 1986;Callow & Fletcher, 1994;Amsler et al, 1999;Greer & Amsler, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and Coupled Effects of Echinoderm Extracts and Surface Hydrophobicity on Spore Settlement and Germination in the Brown AlgaHincksia irregularis

et al. 2003

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Marine substrata possess cues that influence the behavior of fouling organisms. Initial adhesion of fouling algal zoospores to surfaces is also theorized to depend primarily upon interactions between substrata and spore cell bodies and flagellar membranes. In an effort to identify cues and surface characteristics that influence spore settlement and early development, the effects of bioactive echinoderm extracts, surface charge, and surface hydrophobicity were examined individually and in tandem on zoospore settlement and germination in Hincksia irregularis. Experiments utilizing 96-well plastic culture plates confirmed that spore settlement and germination were significantly affected by surface charge and hydrophobicity as well as by echinoderm metabolites, both individually and in tandem. Spore settlement rates in the dark over 30 min were > 400% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces. Spore germling numbers were > 300% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when spores were allowed to settle in the light for 30 min and the settled spores allowed to subsequently germinate for 24 h. Spore germling numbers were consistently > 25% higher on hydrophobic surfaces than on positively and negatively charged surfaces when equal numbers of spores were allowed to completely settle in the light and subsequently germinate for 24 h. H. irregularis germ tube lengths were also significantly longer on positively charged plates than on negatively charged plates. All echinoderm extracts tested had significant effects on germination and settlement at levels below those of estimated ecological concentrations. Short-term (30 min) exposure and subsequent germination experiments indicated that higher concentrations of extracts had rapid toxic effects on algal spores. Synchronous effects of echinoderm extracts and plate charge upon spore settlement varied considerably and did not show a strong dose response relationship. Long-term (24 h) exposure of spores to echinoderm extracts had dosage dependent effects on germination and spore survival. The results of this study indicate that H. irregularis spores possess the capacity for complex responses to their environment, utilizing combined cues of surface charge, surface energy and biochemistry to determine where to settle and germinate. These responses may aid spores in the detection of suitable substrata and conditions for settlement in the marine environment.

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Chapter 10 The Control of Fouling by Non-Biocidal Systems

Cited by 29 publications

References 24 publications

Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces

Interspecific variation in patterns of adhesion of marine fouling to silicone surfaces

The surface properties of silicone elastomers Exposed to seawater

Individual and Coupled Effects of Echinoderm Extracts and Surface Hydrophobicity on Spore Settlement and Germination in the Brown AlgaHincksia irregularis

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