Chapter 1 Strain Theory of Malaria

McKenzie, F. Ellis; Smith, David L.; O’Meara, Wendy Prudhomme; Riley, Eleanor M.

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00201-7

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…Furthermore, intermediate levels of protection to non-homologous secondary infections have been observed in both human and mouse malaria [75,76]. However, children are susceptible to repeated infections, even though B and T cell memory responses tested seem to develop normally [62,77], suggesting that exposure to a genetically diverse population of parasites plays a significant role in life-long susceptibility to parasitemia [78,79]. Therefore, polymorphic antigens may account for recrudescence, chronic infection [16] and susceptibility to repeated infections [80].…”

Section: Immune Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of Plasmodium chabaudi to our understanding of malaria

Stephens

Culleton

Lamb

2012

Trends in Parasitology

163

157

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Malaria kills close to a million people every year, mostly children under the age of five. In the drive towards the development of an effective vaccine and new chemotherapeutic targets for malaria, field-based studies on human malaria infection and laboratory-based studies using animal models of malaria offer complementary opportunities to further our understanding of the mechanisms behind malaria infection and pathology. We outline here the parallels between the Plasmodium chabaudi mouse model of malaria and human malaria. We will highlight the contribution of P. chabaudi to our understanding of malaria in particular, how the immune response in malaria infection is initiated and regulated, its role in pathology, and how immunological memory is maintained. We will also discuss areas where new tools have opened up potential areas of exploration using this invaluable model system.

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Section: Immune Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of Plasmodium chabaudi to our understanding of malaria

Stephens

Culleton

Lamb

2012

Trends in Parasitology

163

157

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“…Nonetheless, the strikingly distinct patterns of EC death induction are sufficient to formulate a hypothetical framework to account, at least in part, for the complex nature of pathogenesis in malaria, and that would be consistent with long-standing clinical observations and current hypotheses. The notion that P. falciparum strains differ in pathogenicity has found support from epidemiological and experimental observations [55]. Many factors were proposed to account for these differences: variations in multiplication rate, in antigenicity, and in the production and nature of an as yet hypothetical malaria toxin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

P. falciparum Isolate-Specific Distinct Patterns of Induced Apoptosis in Pulmonary and Brain Endothelial Cells

et al. 2014

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The factors implicated in the transition from uncomplicated to severe clinical malaria such as pulmonary oedema and cerebral malaria remain unclear. It is known that alterations in vascular integrity due to endothelial cell (EC) activation and death occur during severe malaria. In this study, we assessed the ability of different P. falciparum clinical isolates to induce apoptosis in ECs derived from human lung and brain. We observed that induction of EC apoptosis was sensitive to the environmental pH and required direct contact between the parasite and the cell, though it was not correlated to the ability of the parasite to cytoadhere. Moreover, the extent of induced apoptosis in the two EC types varied with the isolate. Analysis of parasite genes transcript led us to propose that the activation of different pathways, such as Plasmodium apoptosis–linked pathogenicity factors (PALPF), PALPF-2, PALPF-5 and PF11_0521, could be implied in EC death. These observations provide an experimental framework to decipher the molecular mechanism implicated in the genesis of severe malaria.

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“…Anemia, malnutrition, cognitive impairment, and gastrointestinal or pulmonary complaints are some of the problems associated with intestinal helminth infections [2, 6, 7]. Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the nematode species that cause soil-transmitted helminthic diseases (STH) and, globally, it affects over 819 million people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative PCR and Digital PCR for Detection ofAscaris lumbricoidesEggs in Reclaimed Water

Soto

Santísima-Trinidad

Bornay-Llinares

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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The reuse of reclaimed water from wastewater depuration is a widespread and necessary practice in many areas around the world and must be accompanied by adequate and continuous quality control. Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the soil-transmitted helminths (STH) with risk for humans due to its high infectivity and an important determinant of transmission is the inadequacy of water supplies and sanitation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a limit equal to or lower than one parasitic helminth egg per liter, to reuse reclaimed water for unrestricted irrigation. We present two new protocols of DNA extraction from large volumes of reclaimed water. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) were able to detect low amounts of A. lumbricoides eggs. By using the first extraction protocol, which processes 500 mL of reclaimed water, qPCR can detect DNA concentrations as low as one A. lumbricoides egg equivalent, while dPCR can detect DNA concentrations as low as five A. lumbricoides egg equivalents. By using the second protocol, which processes 10 L of reclaimed water, qPCR was able to detect DNA concentrations equivalent to 20 A. lumbricoides eggs. This fact indicated the importance of developing new methodologies to detect helminth eggs with higher sensitivity and precision avoiding possible human infection risks.

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Chapter 1 Strain Theory of Malaria

Cited by 41 publications

References 131 publications

The contribution of Plasmodium chabaudi to our understanding of malaria

The contribution of Plasmodium chabaudi to our understanding of malaria

P. falciparum Isolate-Specific Distinct Patterns of Induced Apoptosis in Pulmonary and Brain Endothelial Cells

Quantitative PCR and Digital PCR for Detection ofAscaris lumbricoidesEggs in Reclaimed Water

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