Chapter 1 Introduction to paleoseismology

McCalpin, James P.; Nelson, Alan R.

doi:10.1016/s0074-6142(96)80068-4

Cited by 77 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Following this faulting episode, a thick unit of structureless silty sand was deposited in the hanging wall, as a colluvial wedge derived from degradation of the surface scarp, possibly in combination with continued eolian input (we don't know if the silty sand is present in the footwall or not). The base of this colluvium truncates some minor fissures that are probably related to faulting on F2, and thus resembles a so-called event horizon or earthquake unconformity commonly described in literature as the result of coseismic surface rupturing (McCalpin, 1996, and references therein). The lower age boundary for this second faulting episode is situated after the main Bt-development took place, thus somewhere within the Boiling/Allerad Interstadial.…”

Section: Faulting Geometry and Historymentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Other definitions as local magnitude, M L> and surface wave magnitude, M s , are good approximations in a limited magnitude range. In general M s underestimates M w at small magnitudes (<6), while M L underestimates M w at large magnitudes (>6, saturation, see McCalpin, 1996).…”

Section: Magnitudementioning

confidence: 85%

“…In addition, we have shown that a unit of structureless silty sand in the hanging wall may be interpreted as a colluvial wedge, and its base, which truncates several small fissures, as an earthquake unconformity or event horizon. These stratigraphic relations are often observed in exposures of normal fault zones known to produce surface rupture (McCalpin, 1996). A final argument in favour of coseismic faulting concerns the dykes of white sand that appear to be associated with F2 and a set of syn-and antithetic faults.…”

Section: Faulting Geometry and Historymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Paleoseismic investigations along the Peel Boundary Fault: geological setting, site selection and trenching results

Berg¹,

Vanneste²,

Dost³

et al. 2002

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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On the basis of a multidisciplinary approach we have unraveled die palaeo-earthquake history of a trenched section across the Peel Boundary Fault. The area shows at present one of the largest contrasts in relative motion on both sides of the fault on the basis of repeated levelling. The geological record for the last 25 thousand years, recovered in the trench, shows evidence of two heavy earthquakes (moment magnitude between 6.0 and 6.6), that occurred in a relatively short timespan around 15 thousands years ago. A third less severe event occurred somewhere in the mid Holocene. The time interval between the two large events is in the order of 1500 years, an interval comparable to that between the last volcanic explosions in the nearby Eifel area. Both records together seem to suggest a relation between large-scale faulting and volcanic activity in the nearby Eifel area, but this interpretation is based on one trench only and should be tested by opening more trenches in the zone that is assumed to be affected by these large events.

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Section: Faulting Geometry and Historymentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Magnitudementioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Faulting Geometry and Historymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Paleoseismic investigations along the Peel Boundary Fault: geological setting, site selection and trenching results

Berg¹,

Vanneste²,

Dost³

et al. 2002

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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“…The occurrence intervals for each site reflect both the true intervals between megathrust earthquakes and also site-specific thresholds. A site's palaeoseismic record only includes the earthquakes or tsunamis that exceed both creation and preservation thresholds (Nelson et al, 2006;McCalpin and Nelson, 2009). Consequently, a single site may underrepresent the number of earthquakes or tsunamis within a given period if a subset of these events fail to exceed the site's thresholds.…”

Section: Intervals Between Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of geological evidence for Holocene earthquakes and tsunamis along the Nankai-Suruga Trough, Japan

Garrett

Fujiwara

Garrett

et al. 2016

Earth-Science Reviews

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. ABSTRACTThe Nankai-Suruga Trough, the subduction zone that lies immediately south of Japan's densely populated southern coastline, generates devastating great earthquakes (magnitude > 8) characterised by intense shaking, crustal deformation and tsunami generation. Forecasting the hazards associated with future earthquakes along this >700 km long fault requires a comprehensive understanding of past fault behaviour. While the region benefits from a long and detailed historical record, palaeoseismology has the potential to provide a longer-term perspective and additional crucial insights. In this paper, we summarise the current state of knowledge regarding geological evidence for past earthquakes and tsunamis along the Nankai-Suruga Trough. Incorporating literature originally published in both Japanese and English and enhancing available results with new age modelling approaches, we summarise and critically evaluate evidence from a wide variety of sources. Palaeoseismic evidence includes uplifted marine terraces and biota, marine and lacustrine turbidites, liquefaction features, subsided marshes and tsunami deposits in coastal lakes and lowlands. While 75 publications describe proposed evidence from more than 70 sites, only a limited number provide compelling, well-dated evidence. The best available records enable us to map the most likely rupture zones of twelve earthquakes that occurred during the historical period. This spatiotemporal compilation suggests that the AD 1707 earthquake ruptured almost the full length of the subduction zone and that earthquakes in AD 1361 and 684 may have been predecessors of similar magnitude. Intervening earthquakes were of lesser magnitude, highlighting the variability in rupture mode that characterises the Nankai-Suruga Trough. Intervals between ruptures of the same seismic segment range from less than 100 to more than 450 years during the historical period. Over longer timescales, palaeoseismic evidence suggests intervals between earthquakes ranging from 100 to 700 years, however these figures reflect a range of thresholds controlling the creation and preservation of evidence at any given site as well as the genuine intervals between earthquakes. At present, there is no geological data that suggest the occurrence of a larger magnitude earthquake than that experienced in AD 1707, however few studies have sought to establish the relative magnitudes of different earthquake and tsunami events along the Nankai-Suruga Trough. Alongside the lack of...

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“…Najczęściej sejsmity są obserwowane w strefach aktywnych tektonicznie. Koncentrują się często przy powierzchni, w pobliżu zaznaczających się w morfologii aktywnych struktur uskokowych (Obermeier 1996(Obermeier , 2009McCalpin, Nelson 2009). Warto jednak zaznaczyć, że osad może ulec upłynnieniu również wskutek propagacji fali o źródle (hipocentrum) znajdującym się na głębokości przekraczającej kilkadziesiąt kilometrów (Mörner 1991;Grollimund, Zoback 2000;Zoback, Grollimund 2001;Hoffmann, Reicherter 2012;Brandes i in.…”

Section: Rozpoznanie Budowy Geologicznej Podłoża Skalnegounclassified

W jaki sposób badać sejsmity? Przegląd metod badawczych

Belzyt

Pisarska‐Jamroży

2017

AGL

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Zarys treści. Propagacja, wywołanej trzęsieniem ziemi, fali sejsmicznej w uwodnionych nieskonsolidowanych osadach drobnoziarnistych powodować może ich upłynnienie. W efekcie tego procesu powstać mogą warstwy zawierające struktury deformacyjne zwane sejsmitami. Zaproponowanie sejsmicznej genezy warstw zdeformowanych opiera się na zastosowaniu kryteriów rozpoznawczych. W tym celu konieczne jest: (1) przeprowadzenie analizy litofacjalnej osadów występujących w analizowanym profilu; (2) szczegółowe opisanie: deformacji, z uwzględnieniem ich rozmieszczenia w profilu i w obrębie zdeformowanej ławicy, rozciągłości poziomej, zróżnicowania przestrzennego, geometrii, tekstury i struktury osadów zaangażowanych w deformacje, osadów otaczających oraz zmiany rozkładu przestrzennego struktur deformacyjnych przy wykorzystaniu ścięcia poziomego i ukośnego; (3) wytypowanie struktur, które mogły powstać w efekcie upłynnienia i porównanie ich ze współcześnie tworzącymi się deformacjami związanymi ze wstrząsami sejsmicznymi; (4) rozpoznanie budowy geologicznej podłoża skalnego, w tym m.in. opis aktywności uskoków; (5) dyskusja innych mechanizmów, które mogły odpowiadać za powstanie deformacji; (6) określenie czasu powstania struktur deformacyjnych. Słowa kluczowe: deformacje w osadach nieskonsolidowanych, paleosejsmologia, trzęsienia ziemiAbstract. Earthquake-triggered seismic wave propagation can induce liquefaction of water-saturated unconsolidated finegrained clastic sediments. As a result, layers with soft-sediment deformation structures called seismites can be formed. To propose a seismic origin of the layer, it should meet recognition criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to provide (1) a lithofacies analysis of the sediments in the studied section; (2) a detailed description of deformation structures including their position in the sedimentological log as well as within the deformed layer, lateral extent and continuity, geometry, texture and structure of both deformed and host sediments, spatial distribution and heterogenity of deformation structures in the plan view as well as an oblique view; (3) identification of structures that could have been formed during a liquefaction process and a comparison with those that recently occurred in tectonically active zones as an earthquake effect; (4) a subsurface geological structure recognition, particularly the presence and activity of faults; (5) discussion and elimination of all other possible triggers that could have caused sediment deformation; (6) estimation of the age of the deformation.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to paleoseismology

Cited by 77 publications

References 60 publications

Paleoseismic investigations along the Peel Boundary Fault: geological setting, site selection and trenching results

Paleoseismic investigations along the Peel Boundary Fault: geological setting, site selection and trenching results

A systematic review of geological evidence for Holocene earthquakes and tsunamis along the Nankai-Suruga Trough, Japan

W jaki sposób badać sejsmity? Przegląd metod badawczych

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