Channeling vorticity: Modeling the filter-feeding mechanism in silver carp using μCT and 3D PIV

Cohen, Karly E.; Hernández, L. Patricia; Crawford, Callie; Flammang, Brooke E.

doi:10.1242/jeb.183350

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Collins et al, 2005;Holmes et al, 2006). Fluid interactions have been extensively studied (Vogel, 1994;Lauder, 2010), but despite possessing the partial differential equations (PDEs) that describe such interactions (the Navier-Stokes equations), the complexity of fluid flow around deforming bodies makes it difficult to gain a fundamental understanding of locomotion in these environments (Tobalske, 2007;Tytell et al, 2010;Waldrop and Miller, 2015;Gemmell et al, 2016;Cohen et al, 2018;Wise et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surprising simplicities and syntheses in limbless self-propulsion in sand

Astley

Mendelson

Dai

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Animals moving on and in fluids and solids move their bodies in diverse ways to generate propulsion and lift forces. In fluids, animals can wiggle, stroke, paddle or slap, whereas on hard frictional terrain, animals largely engage their appendages with the substrate to avoid slip. Granular substrates, such as desert sand, can display complex responses to animal interactions. This complexity has led to locomotor strategies that make use of fluid-like or solid-like features of this substrate, or combinations of the two. Here, we use examples from our work to demonstrate the diverse array of methods used and insights gained in the study of both surface and subsurface limbless locomotion in these habitats. Counterintuitively, these seemingly complex granular environments offer certain experimental, theoretical, robotic and computational advantages for studying terrestrial movement, with the potential for providing broad insights into morphology and locomotor control in fluids and solids, including neuromechanical control templates and morphological and behavioral evolution. In particular, granular media provide an excellent testbed for a locomotion framework called geometric mechanics, which was introduced by particle physicists and control engineers in the last century, and which allows quantitative analysis of alternative locomotor patterns and morphology to test for control templates, optimality and evolutionary alternatives. Thus, we posit that insights gained from movement in granular environments can be translated into principles that have broader applications across taxa, habitats and movement patterns, including those at microscopic scales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surprising simplicities and syntheses in limbless self-propulsion in sand

Astley

Mendelson

Dai

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Larval silver carp undergo several morphological changes in body length, pigmentation and fin formation (Chapman, 2006), but specific changes to their trophic apparatus (buccal cavity and gill arches) lead the way to their outstanding feeding performance as juveniles and adults. For instance, the transformation of their gill rakers into a porous filtering plate directly manipulates the flow inside the mouth, potentially enabling adult silver carp to efficiently consume various sizes of plankton (Cohen et al ., 2018; Cohen & Hernandez, 2018a). Increased interspecific competition for nursery habitat resources may limit quality nursery habitat in some river systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IPB, infrapharyngeobranchial; CB, ceratobranchial; EB, epibranchial; FP, filtering plates. (a) and (e) adapted from Cohen & Hernandez 2018, (b) adapted from Cohen et al ., 2018, (c) and (d) based on morphological observations discussed in Cohen & Hernandez (2018a,b)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Later in ontogeny, silver carp can consume particles as small as 5 μm, but also regularly consume those as large as 100 μm and compete with fish species across the entire trophic hierarchy (Battonyai et al ., 2015; Cremer & Smitherman, 1980; Smith, 1989; Zhou et al ., 2009). It has been suggested (see Cohen et al ., 2018; Cohen & Hernandez, 2018a; Hansen et al ., 2014; Smith, 1989) that the novel trophic apparatus of silver carp is responsible for their ability to consume a wide size‐spectrum of planktonic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental ecomorphology of the epibranchial organ of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Cohen

George

Chapman

et al. 2020

Journal of Fish Biology

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Silver carp regularly consume and digest particles of food as small as 5 μm. This ability drives their efficient consumption of phytoplankton and because they feed low on the food chain they have an important place in aquaculture worldwide. In North America, where they are considered invasive, silver carp deplete food resources for native species and in so doing occupy increased niche space. Here, we determine the ontogenetic stage and size at which silver carp are morphologically capable of primarily feeding on particles <10 μm. Ecological studies on this species have shown that there is an ontogenetic shift in diet as predominantly zooplanktivorous juveniles later switch to eating much smaller phytoplankton. The occupation of this new trophic niche presents both a metabolic and a mechanical challenge to these fish, since it is unclear how they can efficiently feed on such small particles. We hypothesize that the epibranchial organ (EBO) in silver carp is essential in aggregating these small particles of food, allowing the species to consume mass quantities of tiny particles, thus mitigating metabolic constraints. In this study, we investigate early ontogeny of the EBO in silver carp to determine when this structure achieves the requisite morphology to become functional. We find that at around 80 mm standard length (SL) the EBOs are consistently filled with food, demonstrating that this accumulating organ has become functional. This size corresponds with previous ecological data documenting important shifts in the type of food consumed. While the basic bauplan of the EBO is established very early in ontogeny (by 15 mm SL), multiple waves of histological maturation of muscle, cartilage, gill rakers and epithelium ultimately form the functional structure.

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“…This cross-flow filtration may work with a dead-end sieve, or there may be pores larger than the particle size that are partially occluded by vortices induced by the tangential flow (vortical crossstep filtration). In either case, the tangential shearing moves particles toward a collection point (Cohen et al, 2018;Storm et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of a fringe: A look inside baleen morphology using a multimodal visual approach

Vandenberg

Cohen

Rubin

et al. 2023

Journal of Morphology

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Filter-feeding has been present for hundreds of millions of years, independently evolving in aquatic vertebrates' numerous times. Mysticete whales are a group of gigantic, marine filter-feeders that are defined by their fringed baleen and are divided into two groups: balaenids and rorquals. Recent studies have shown that balaenids likely feed using a self-cleaning, cross-flow filtration mechanism where food particles are collected and then swept to the esophagus for swallowing. However, it is unclear how filtering is achieved in the rorquals (Balaenopteridae). Lunging rorqual whales engulf enormous masses of both prey and water; the prey is then separated from the water through baleen plates lining the length of their upper jaw and positioned perpendicular to flow.Rorqual baleen is composed of both major (larger) and minor (smaller) keratin plates containing embedded fringe that extends into the whale's mouth, forming a filtering fringe. We used a multimodal approach, including microcomputed tomography (µCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to visualize and describe the variability in baleen anatomy across five species of rorqual whales, spanning two orders of magnitude in body length. For most morphological measurements, larger whales exhibited hypoallometry relative to body length.µCT and SEM revealed that the major and minor plates break away from the mineralized fringes at variable distances from the gums. We proposed a model for estimating the effective pore size to determine whether flow scales with body length or prey size across species. We found that pore size is likely not a proxy for prey size but instead, may reflect changes in resistance through the filter that affect fluid flow.

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Channeling vorticity: Modeling the filter-feeding mechanism in silver carp using μCT and 3D PIV

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Surprising simplicities and syntheses in limbless self-propulsion in sand

Surprising simplicities and syntheses in limbless self-propulsion in sand

Developmental ecomorphology of the epibranchial organ of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Formation of a fringe: A look inside baleen morphology using a multimodal visual approach

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