BackgroundResearch on quality of care revealed nurse-to-patient ratio and skill mix as key elements in quality of care. However, those studies were done in countries where the nursing workforce had a higher proportion of professional nurses with bachelor degrees. The findings of the research studies may have overlooked health system challenges such as the auxiliary nursing services found in lesser developed small island countries with higher proportions of auxiliary nurses. Working in under-resourced places, nurses in Timor-Leste might have differing viewpoints on the aspects that contribute to quality of care perspectives.MethodsFocus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in 2017, in three districts that included staff and senior nurses from three levels of health care facilities: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Data were analyzed using content analysis method.ResultsTwo themes emerged from the FGDs data: “patients as the center focus of the service” and “gaps in providing quality of care”. Aside from attributes of quality care such as equality, efficiency, and patient-centeredness in the delivery of care, the first theme also identified the importance of identifying nurses’ value system in order to support a specific level of quality of care. The second theme included quality care milieu amplifying distinctive factors facing a health system in under-resourced places. Problems related with structural dimension of quality of care such as facility infrastructure and staffing were described. Nurses were unable to improve the quality of care in healthcare facilities when faced with inadequate and deficient infrastructure, equipment, supplies, financing, management, and staffing support. Conclusions Compared to nurses in countries with a better workforce skill mix, nurses in lesser developed small island countries and nurses working in under-resourced places, face additional challenges that uniquely influence the quality of care. Findings from this study provide evidence that it is important to develop human resources for health (HRH) policies that contribute to professional management of the nursing workforce as the largest health workforce cadre, thus strengthening their ability to improve patient care service.