Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels

Govan, Cassandra L.; Williams, Kipling D.

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.002

Cited by 130 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

133

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For instance, whereas affective priming tasks seem to be primarily influenced by automatic evaluations of the particular exemplars used as prime stimuli (e.g., Livingston & Brewer, 2002;, the Implicit Association Test seems to be influenced by the valence of both the individual exemplars (e.g., Blüzmke & Friese, 2006;Govan & Williams, 2004; and the 715 IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDE CHANGE particular categories that are applied to these exemplars within the task (e.g., De Houwer, 2001;. Thus, when testing hypotheses derived from the APE model, it is important to consider whether the attitude object in question is represented on the exemplar level or on the level of general categories and whether the evaluation level in the implicit measure corresponds to the one implied in the explicit measure.…”

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their study, participants were asked to imagine a post-nuclear war scenario in which flowers were generally contaminated and insects were the only kind of harmless food available. From the perspective of the APE model, these results suggest that different exemplars (Govan & Williams, 2004) or fictional scenarios (Foroni & Mayr, 2005) may be sufficient to activate different associative patterns, thus leading to different associative evaluations of flowers and insects.A particularly interesting case of changes in pattern activation comes from research on motivational states. Ferguson and Bargh (2004), for example, demonstrated that automatic associative evaluations of an attitude object differed as a function of the object's relevance for goal pursuit.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Because Richeson and Ambady's (2003) participants only anticipated, rather than actually engaged in, social interaction, it seems unlikely that participants formed completely new associative evaluations. Instead, anticipated roles might have activated those patterns of the preexisting associative representation that provided the best fit to the anticipated role.Several studies have also shown that differences in the interpretation of abstract category labels can change affective responses on the IAT (e.g., Foroni & Mayr, 2005;Govan & Williams, 2004). Govan and Williams (2004), for example, found that the often demonstrated implicit preference for flowers over insects could be reversed when the stimuli in the IAT were unpleasant flowers (e.g.,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Govan and Williams (2004), for example, found that the often demonstrated implicit preference for flowers over insects could be reversed when the stimuli in the IAT were unpleasant flowers (e.g.,…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

Gawronski

Bodenhausen²

2006

Psychological Bulletin

2,144

167

2,441

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, "explicit" attitudes and automatic, "implicit" attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction between associative and propositional processes. Whereas associative processes are characterized by mere activation independent of subjective truth or falsity, propositional reasoning is concerned with the validation of evaluations and beliefs. The proposed associative-propositional evaluation (APE) model makes specific assumptions about the mutual interplay of the 2 processes, implying several mechanisms that lead to symmetric or asymmetric changes in implicit and explicit attitudes. The model integrates a broad range of empirical evidence and implies several new predictions for implicit and explicit attitude change.Keywords: attitude change, cognitive consistency, dual-process models, evaluative conditioning, implicit measures If eras of psychological research can be characterized in terms of general ideas, a major theme of the current era is probably the notion of automaticity. Many aspects of human behavior that have previously been assumed to have their roots in higher order processes of deliberate reasoning are now viewed as resulting from automatic processes that may occur spontaneously and outside of people's awareness or control (Bargh, 1997;Moors & De Houwer, 2006). This perspective is also dominant in contemporary research on attitudes, in which deliberate, "explicit" attitudes are often contrasted with automatic, "implicit" attitudes (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Petty, Fazio, & Briñol, in press;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000; Wittenbrink & Schwarz, in press). Whereas the former are usually equated with deliberative, self-reported evaluations, the latter are typically inferred from people's performance on response latency measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) or sequential priming tasks (Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997).Even though previous models effectively account for the differential impact of implicit and explicit attitudes on spontaneous and deliberate behavior (e.g., Strack & Deutsch, 2004;Wilson et al., 2000), theories of attitude change still face a considerable asymmetry in integrating the available evidence. Contemporary models of persuasion have been very successful in explaining the influence of different kinds of message cues on self-reported explicit evaluations (Chen & Chaiken, 1999;Kruglanski & Thompson, 1999;Petty & Wegener, 1999; for a review, see Visser & Cooper, 2003). However, changes in implicit attitudes are still largely unexplained. This shortfall has its roots in at least two conceptual issues. First, several models of attitude change do not distinguish between implicit and explicit attitudes in the first place but treat attitudes as a unitary construct (e.g., Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989...

show abstract

Section: Methodological Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

Gawronski

Bodenhausen²

2006

Psychological Bulletin

2,144

167

2,441

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because the nature of the (attribute) items can determine the conceptualization of the (attribute) labels (i.e., "positive" and "negative"; see Govan & Williams, 2004), it is unlikely that the attribute labels in the valence IAT are conceptualized by participants in line with the conceptualization of "liking" in IST. Similar arguments can be made to question the validity of the liking IAT of Tibboel et al (2011).…”

Section: Wanting Liking and Approach-avoidance Iatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans

Tibboel

Houwer

Bockstaele

2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Incentive Sensitization Theory (IST; e.g., Robinson & Berridge, 1993; suggests that a common dopamine system that deals with incentive salience attribution is affected by different types of drugs. Repeated drug use will sensitize this neural system, which means that drugs increasingly trigger the experience of incentive salience or "wanting". Importantly, Robinson and Berridge stress that there is a dissociation between drug "wanting" (the unconscious attribution of incentive salience) and drug "liking" (the unconscious hedonic experience when one consumes drugs). Whereas the former plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, the latter does not. Although this model was based mainly on research with non-human animals, more recently the dissociation between "wanting" and "liking" has been examined in humans as well. A widely used and promising means of studying these processes are behavioral implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), different types of StimulusResponse Compatibility (SRC) tasks, and Affective Simon Tasks (AST).IST makes the clear prediction that (1) there should be a positive correlation between indices of "wanting" (e.g., drug consumption) and implicit "wanting" scores. Similarly, there should be a positive correlation between indices of "liking" (e.g., various expressions of subjective pleasure) and implicit "liking" scores; (2) there should be higher "wanting" scores in substance abusers or frequent substance users compared to non-users or infrequent users, and there should be no differences in "liking" between these groups (or even less "liking" in frequent substance users); (3) manipulations of "wanting" should affect implicit "wanting" scores whereas manipulations of "liking" should affect implicit "liking" scores. However, studies that tested these hypotheses did not produce equivocal results. To shed light on these discrepancies, we first discuss the different definitions of "wanting" and "liking" and the different tests that have been used to assess these processes. Then, we discuss whether it is 3 reasonable to assume that these tests are valid measures of "wanting" and "liking" and we review correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies that inform us about this issue. Finally, we discuss the future potential of implicit measures in research on IST and make several recommendations to improve both theory and methodology. 4

show abstract

The Assessment of Fear‐Related Automatic Associations in Children and Adolescents

Huijding

Wiers

Field

2010

Information Processing Biases and Anxiety

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels

Cited by 130 publications

References 29 publications

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.

Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans

The Assessment of Fear‐Related Automatic Associations in Children and Adolescents

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About