“…Specifically, between 1992 and 2001 Romania signed bilateral agreements on labour recruitment and placement abroad with Germany (1992), Switzerland (1999), Hungary (2000, Spain (2002), Luxembourg (2001 and Portugal ( 2001) (Diminescu, 2005, p.65-67). In addition, the right granted to Romanians to move freely within the Schengen area in 2002 facilitated circular and seasonal migration patterns, particularly with southern European countries: Italy (Gabriel Anghel, 2008;Ban, 2012), Spain (Elrick & Ciobanu, 2009), Portugal (Ciobanu, 2015) and Greece (Papadopoulos & Fratsea, 2017;Fratsea & Papadopoulos, 2020). Opportunities for acquiring legal work and residence permits offered up by the regularization programs implemented in southern European countries also impacted on the mobility patterns of Romanian migrants.…”