Changing Lick Rate of Rats by Manipulating Deprivation and Type of Solution

Cone, Al L.; Wells, Robert; Goodson, Lila; Cone, Donna M.

doi:10.1007/bf03394341

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Das & Fowler 1995; Knowler & Ukena 1973; Vajnerova & Brozek 2002). Changes in lick rate in response to taste stimuli and tactile feedback have been reported for rats (Baird et al 2005; Cone 1974; Cone et al 1975; Davis & Smith 1992; Mamedov & Bures 1984). Deprivation level has also been reported to modulate mean ILI (Cone 1974; Cone et al 1975), as has the type of equipment used to collect lick data (Marowitz & Halpern 1973; Weijnen 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Boughter

Baird

Bryant

et al. 2006

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Fluid licking in mice is an example of a rhythmic behavior thought to be under the control of a central pattern generator. Inbred strains of mice have been shown to differ in mean or modal interlick interval (ILI) duration, suggesting a genetic-based variation. We investigated water licking in the commonly used inbred strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2), using a commercially available contact lickometer. Results from 20-min test sessions indicated that D2 mice lick at a faster rate than B6 mice (10.6 licks/s vs. 8.5 licks/s), based on analysis of the distribution of short-duration ILIs (50-160 ms). This strain difference was independent of sex, extent of water deprivation or total number of licks. D2 mice also displayed a faster lick rate when the strains were tested with a series of brief (5 s) trials. However, when ingestion over the entire 20-min session was analyzed, it was evident that D2 mice had an overall slower rate of ingestion than B6 mice. This was because of the tendency for D2 mice to have more very long pauses (>30 s) between sequences of licking bursts. Overall, it appeared that D2 mice licked more efficiently, ingesting more rapidly during excursions to the spout that were fewer and farther between. Fluid licking is a highly stereotyped behavior in rats, mice and many other mammals that involves the rhythmic co-ordination of muscle groups involved in tongue protrusion and retraction, jaw opening and closing and swallowing. The coordination of these oromotor movements is thought to be under the control of central pattern generators (CPGs), motor 'programs' extant among premotor neuron networks that send rhythmic inputs to motor neuron pools in cranial nerve nuclei V, VII and XII (for reviews see Nakamura & Katakura 1995;Travers et al. 1997). Current evidence suggests a substrate for rhythmic licking organized among premotor neurons in the medullary reticular formation (RF). Premotor neurons associated with intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles are located in a number of medullary and pontine RF cell groups (Travers & Rinaman 2002;Travers et al. 2005). Neurons rhythmically active during licking are found in both the parvocellular and intermediate zones of the RF (e.g. Travers et al. 1997), and reversible lesion studies in awake rat preparations suggest a necessary role for the rostrolateral medullary RF (Chen & Travers 2003). However, the specific identity and physiological properties of the neurons and networks that underlie the CPG for licking are unknown.The species of choice for investigating the physiological and anatomical substrates of licking has been the rat (Weijnen 1998) but the study of strains of mice with different lick or ingestion rates holds substantial promise for genetic approaches to the study of oromotor CPGs (e.g. Okayasu et al. 2003;Tomiyama et al. 2004). Horowitz et al. (1977) examined ad lib fluid licking over a series of 20-h periods in undeprived C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice, and their F 1 progeny, using an infrared-beam lickometer. Local lick rate, as defined by ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Boughter

Baird

Bryant

et al. 2006

Genes Brain and Behavior

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“…Consummatory licking is a relatively stereotyped behavior in rodents, with tongue protrusions occurring at a rate of 5–9 Hz ( Marowitz and Halpern, 1973 ; Halpern, 1975 ; Murakami, 1977 ; Weijnen, 1998 ). Despite the stereotypical pattern, however, studies have shown that the temporal structure of licking can be modulated by a variety of factors, such as perceptual feedback, satiety, palatability, and so on ( Cone, 1974 ; Cone et al, 1975 ; Mamedov and Bures, 1984 ). However, the neural mechanisms that contribute to the patterning of licking behavior are largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated dopamine alters consummatory pattern generation and increases behavioral variability during learning

Rossi

Yin

2015

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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The role of dopamine in controlling behavior remains poorly understood. In this study we examined licking behavior in an established hyperdopaminergic mouse model—dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice. DAT KO mice showed higher rates of licking, which is due to increased perseveration of licking in a bout. By contrast, they showed increased individual lick durations, and reduced inter-lick intervals. During extinction, both KO and control mice transiently increased variability in lick pattern generation while reducing licking rate, yet they showed very different behavioral patterns. Control mice gradually increased lick duration as well as variability. By contrast, DAT KO mice exhibited more immediate (within 10 licks) adjustments—an immediate increase in lick duration variability, as well as more rapid extinction. These results suggest that the level of dopamine can modulate the persistence and pattern generation of a highly stereotyped consummatory behavior like licking, as well as new learning in response to changes in environmental feedback. Increased dopamine in DAT KO mice not only increased perseveration of bouts and individual lick duration, but also increased the behavioral variability in response to the extinction contingency and the rate of extinction.

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“…Within a species, licking behavior may be modified by accessibility of the sipper spout (Marowitz & Halpern, 1973), chemical characteristics and viscosity of the stimulus solution (Davis, 1973;Cone, Wells, Goodson, & Cone, 1975), and several organismic and methodological variables such as gender, developmental age, time of testing and experience with the sipper spout (see Cone, 1974, for review). Despite the sensitivity of licking behavior to experimental manipulation, demonstrations of within species licking behavior variations have never revealed parameter changes that exceed 20 % of median control values (Hernandez-Mesa, Mamedov, S Bures, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

Michels

King

Hsiao

1988

Physiology & Behavior

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INFORMATION TO USERSThis reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted.The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity.2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame.3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. Some pages in any document STATEMENT BY AUTHORThis thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author Age had no effect on sucrose preference thresholds.Consumatory activity in all monkeys increased monotonically with increasing sucrose concentrations, from 0.0 to 1.0 M. However, aged monkeys continued to increase consumption until sucrose concentrations exceeded 1.5 M. All monkeys increased consumption by increasing number of Licks, number of licking bursts and length of licking bursts.Compared to young monkeys, aged monkeys displayed gr...

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Changing Lick Rate of Rats by Manipulating Deprivation and Type of Solution

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice vary in lick rate and ingestive microstructure

Elevated dopamine alters consummatory pattern generation and increases behavioral variability during learning

Preference differences for sucrose solutions in young and aged squirrel monkeys

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