“…An important event during the study period is the implementation of infant vaccination against IPD (PCV7) through the Dutch national immunization program in 2006. In the United States, a decline in IPD cases was detected post‐vaccination in the non‐vaccinated elderly, referred to as indirect immunity 44. A study comparing cumulative IPD incidences over the pre‐vaccination years 2004‐2006 and late post‐vaccination period 2008‐2010 suggested a decline in IPD incidence in infants (age<2 years) and elderly (>65 years) 45.…”
BackgroundWhile the burden of community‐acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is still considerable, there is little insight in the factors contributing to disease. Previous research on the lagged relationship between respiratory viruses and pneumococcal disease incidence is inconclusive, and studies correcting for temporal autocorrelation are lacking.ObjectivesTo investigate the temporal relation between influenza‐like illnesses (ILI) and IPD, correcting for temporal autocorrelation.MethodsWeekly counts of ILI were obtained from the Sentinel Practices of NIVEL Primary Care Database. IPD data were collected from the Dutch laboratory‐based surveillance system for bacterial meningitis from 2004 to 2014. We analysed the correlation between time series, pre‐whitening the dependent time series with the best‐fit seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model to the independent time series. We performed cross‐correlations between ILI and IPD incidences, and the (pre‐whitened) residuals, in the overall population and in the elderly.ResultsWe found significant cross‐correlations between ILI and IPD incidences peaking at lags ‐3 overall and at 1 week in the 65+ population. However, after pre‐whitening, no cross‐correlations were apparent in either population group.ConclusionOur study suggests that ILI occurrence does not seem to be the major driver of IPD incidence in The Netherlands.
“…An important event during the study period is the implementation of infant vaccination against IPD (PCV7) through the Dutch national immunization program in 2006. In the United States, a decline in IPD cases was detected post‐vaccination in the non‐vaccinated elderly, referred to as indirect immunity 44. A study comparing cumulative IPD incidences over the pre‐vaccination years 2004‐2006 and late post‐vaccination period 2008‐2010 suggested a decline in IPD incidence in infants (age<2 years) and elderly (>65 years) 45.…”
BackgroundWhile the burden of community‐acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is still considerable, there is little insight in the factors contributing to disease. Previous research on the lagged relationship between respiratory viruses and pneumococcal disease incidence is inconclusive, and studies correcting for temporal autocorrelation are lacking.ObjectivesTo investigate the temporal relation between influenza‐like illnesses (ILI) and IPD, correcting for temporal autocorrelation.MethodsWeekly counts of ILI were obtained from the Sentinel Practices of NIVEL Primary Care Database. IPD data were collected from the Dutch laboratory‐based surveillance system for bacterial meningitis from 2004 to 2014. We analysed the correlation between time series, pre‐whitening the dependent time series with the best‐fit seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model to the independent time series. We performed cross‐correlations between ILI and IPD incidences, and the (pre‐whitened) residuals, in the overall population and in the elderly.ResultsWe found significant cross‐correlations between ILI and IPD incidences peaking at lags ‐3 overall and at 1 week in the 65+ population. However, after pre‐whitening, no cross‐correlations were apparent in either population group.ConclusionOur study suggests that ILI occurrence does not seem to be the major driver of IPD incidence in The Netherlands.
“…For PCV7 and other PCV13, the safety efficacy and effectiveness have been, in practice, established in different settings [22,23]. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine includes capsular antigens of serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F [24]. The implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children under 2-year-old in Argentina could be an effective strategy to be implemented in other countries for the decrease in invasive disease [25] and nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumonia [26].…”
“…24 However, the nationwide implementation of vaccine recommendations also significantly decreased the incidence of IPD among U.S. adults aged ≥65 years. 25 Streptococcus pneumoniae infections by serotypes in PCV13 in adults aged ≥65 years declined approximately 50% beginning in 2010 (when PCV13 replaced PCV7 in the routine childhood immunization schedule). Not taking the community protection into account when making recommendations can underestimate the benefits of vaccinating the group for whom vaccine is recommended, causing underestimation of the economic and health benefits.…”
After publication of certain vaccine recommendations made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, several unexpected events have occurred during implementation of these recommendations. These have included changes in recommendations following adverse events involved with a particular vaccine and the conferral of community protection as an offshoot of vaccination of a specific population. Vaccine shortages and hesitancy have also been proven impediments to full implementation, and vaccine recommendations have not gone unaffected by either public perception of a vaccine or by cost considerations.
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