Changing colors in mice: an inducible system that delivers: Figure 1.

Mills, Alea A.

doi:10.1101/gad.909301

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Recent advances in regulatable promoter constructs have provided possible alternatives. Investigators have used CRE-Lox system, regulatable promoters such as the tetracycline and insulin (Furth, 1997;Sauer, 1998;Aranda and Pascual, 2001;Mills, 2001). The tetracycline myc promoter has been used successfully in the CNS to generate immortalized cells lines and thus represents a useful tool (Sah et al, 1997;Raymon et al, 1999;Li et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Isolation of a glial‐restricted tripotential cell line from embryonic spinal cord cultures

Mujtaba

Han

et al. 2002

Glia

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Neuroepithelial stem cells (NEPs), glial-restricted precursors (GRPs), and neuron-restricted precursors (NRPs) are present during early differentiation of the spinal cord and can be identified by cell surface markers. In this article, we describe the properties of GRP cells that have been immortalized using a regulatable v-myc retrovirus construct. Immortalized GRP cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated dividing state for long periods and can be induced to differentiate into two types of astrocytes and into oligodendrocytes in culture. A clonal cell line prepared from immortalized GRP cells, termed GRIP-1, was also shown to retain the properties of a glial-restricted tripotential precursor. Transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled subclones of the immortalized cells into the adult CNS demonstrates that this cell line can also participate in the in vivo development of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Late passages of the immortalized cells undergo limited transdifferentiation into neurons as assessed by expression of multiple neuronal markers. The availability of a conditionally immortalized cell line obviates the difficulties of obtaining a large and homogeneous population of GRPs that can be used for studying the mechanism and signals for glial cell differentiation as well as their application in transplantation protocols.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Isolation of a glial‐restricted tripotential cell line from embryonic spinal cord cultures

Mujtaba

Han

et al. 2002

Glia

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“…In animals, melanin pigments are produced by melanocytes and deposited throughout the epidermis, which is the determinant of skin color (25)(26)(27)(28). However, disturbances in the amount and distribution of melanin pigments might ultimately provide clues to several diseases.…”

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confidence: 99%

Oxyresveratrol and Hydroxystilbene Compounds

Kim

Yun

Lee

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

283

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Tyrosinase is responsible for the molting process in insects, undesirable browning of fruits and vegetables, and coloring of skin, hair, and eyes in animals. To clarify the mechanism of the depigmenting property of hydroxystilbene compounds, inhibitory actions of oxyresveratrol and its analogs on tyrosinases from mushroom and murine melanoma B-16 have been elucidated in this study. Oxyresveratrol showed potent inhibitory effect with an IC 50 value of 1.2 M on mushroom tyrosinase activity, which was 32-fold stronger inhibition than kojic acid, a depigmenting agent used as the cosmetic material with skin-whitening effect and the medical agent for hyperpigmentation disorders. Hydroxystilbene compounds of resveratrol, 3,5-dihydroxy-4 -methoxystilbene, and rhapontigenin also showed more than 50% inhibition at 100 M on mushroom tyrosinase activity, but other methylated or glycosylated hydroxystilbenes of 3,4 -dimethoxy-5-hydroxystilbene, trimethylresveratrol, piceid, and rhaponticin did not inhibit significantly. None of the hydroxystilbene compounds except oxyresveratrol exhibited more than 50% inhibition at 100 M on L-tyrosine oxidation by murine tyrosinase activity; oxyresveratrol showed an IC 50 value of 52.7 M on the enzyme activity. The kinetics and mechanism for inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase exhibited the reversibility of oxyresveratrol as a noncompetitive inhibitor with L-tyrosine as the substrate. The interaction between oxyresveratrol and tyrosinase exhibited a high affinity reflected in a K i value of 3.2-4.2 ؋ 10 ؊7 M. Oxyresveratrol did not affect the promoter activity of the tyrosinase gene in murine melanoma B-16 at 10 and 100 M. Therefore, the depigmenting effect of oxyresveratrol works through reversible inhibition of tyrosinase activity rather than suppression of the expression and synthesis of the enzyme. The number and position of hydroxy substituents seem to play an important role in the inhibitory effects of hydroxystilbene compounds on tyrosinase activity.Tyrosinase catalyzes two distinct reactions of the conversion of tyrosine to Dopa 1 (tyrosine hydroxylase activity (EC 1.14.18.1); tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, oxygen, and oxidoreductase) and the oxidation of the resultant Dopa (Dopa oxidase activity (EC 1.10.3.1); Dopa, oxygen, and oxidoreductase) (1, 2). The enzyme oxidizes phenols and diphenols using a catalytic mechanism that depends on the presence of copper atoms at the active site (3, 4). Dopaquinone produced by tyrosinase is nonenzymatically converted to dopachrome, which is acted upon by an isomerase producing dihydroxyindoles (5, 6). Melanin pigments are eventually produced by further oxidation and polymerization of the indoles (7).Tyrosinase, an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step for the biosynthetic pathway of melanin pigments, is widely distributed in nature. It exists in many organisms with slightly different forms. The enzyme participates in several important reactions of host defense, wound healing, and sclerotization in insects and other arthropods (8 -10). E...

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“…To create temporally controlled somatic mutations in the mouse, chemically inducible forms of Cre have been developed (Albanese et al, 2002;Garcia and Mills, 2002;Mills, 2001). At present, the reversed tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator (rtTA) system, which activates the responsive elements only in the presence of tetracycline (Gossen and Bujard, 1992), has proven to be successful for the generation of temporally controlled transgenic models (Mansuy and Bujard, 2000;Morozov et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%