Changing axis deviation and elevation of prostate-specific antigen during acute myocardial infarction

Prostate-specific antigen kallikrein and acute myocardial infarction: Where we are. Where are we going?

“…We have also reported elevation of PSA during AMI in three patients after the third day [16][17][18]. One of these patients [16] refused coronary angiography.…”

“…One of these patients [16] refused coronary angiography. Coronary angiography revealed a significant ostial left main stenosis in another one [17]. Coronary angiography revealed a significant left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis, a significant first obtuse marginal coronary artery stenosis and a significant right coronary artery stenosis in the third patient [18].…”

“…PSA was also detected in other nonprostatic sources including human breast milk [14] and in 30% of breast tumors [15] and it was considered a sensitive molecular marker of hormone responsiveness [13]. Increased PSA serum levels, are a common finding in patients with nonprostatic illnesses [14,15] including AMI [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is frequently associated with increases of PSA [10,22] interpreted as marker for ischemic prostatic cell damage during CPR [10].…”

Changing axis deviation and intermittent right bundle branch block during acute myocardial infarction

“…Changing bundle branch block [4,5], new right bundle branch block [6], right bundle branch conduction disturbances [7] have been reported in literature. Changing axis deviation has been reported alone [8] or during acute myocardial infarction [4,9] also associated with atrial fibrillation [10]. Intermittent right axis deviation has been rarely reported in the presence of left bundle branch block [11,12] also during atrial fibrillation [13] and with acute myocardial infarction too [10].…”

Intermittent changing axis deviation during acute myocarditis

“…Intermittent changing axis deviation during acute myocardial infarction [4][5][6][7] and changing axis deviation associated with atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction too [8,9] have been also rarely reported. Conduction system disturbances have been described during acute myocarditis [10,11] and it has been suggested that myocardial interstitial edema is implicated in the conduction disturbances that occur in acute myocarditis [12].…”