“…chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), turbidity, and water clarity) have been previously explored and documented 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 . While FUI yields more information on Chl-a for open oceans 11 , 12 , it is well-correlated with water clarity for coastal and inland waters according to the recent studies 12 , 14 , 15 . Given its low uncertainties, feasible transferability, and intrinsic relationship with water quality, FUI was recently promoted as a comprehensive water quality index for marine and inland waters, especially in large regions and over long time spans 7 , 12 , 14 .…”