Changes of Mutations and Copy‐Number and Enhanced Cell Migration during Breast Tumorigenesis

Abstract

CSCs contribute to tumor heterogeneity and metastatic dissemination. [1] Breast CSCs have been demonstrated to mediate cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. [1,3] A subpopulation of breast CSCs characterized with CD44 + /CD24 −/low are more resistant to therapy and are more invasive than breast non-CSCs. [4][5][6] Contact guidance of extracellular matrix (ECM) anisotropy that recapitulates a tumor microenvironment is an important factor in modeling tumor progression and metastasis. [7][8][9] Over the past several years, advances in the fabrication of ECM-mimetic nanoscale topography have facilitated the study of how cells sense contact guidance cues and of cell-matrix interactions. [8,[10][11][12][13]