Changes of Metabolic Disorders Associated Peripheral Cytokine/Adipokine Traffic in Non-Obese Chronic Back Patients Responsive to Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation

Objective Measures to Characterize the Physiological Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic Pain: A Literature Review

“…The authors found that burst SCS significantly increased plasma concentration of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL‐10) in FBSS patients who reported back pain reduction. In a separate study, Kinfe and colleagues found that pro‐obesity mediator leptin levels decreased (albeit not significantly) after burst SCS . They also found that the leptin levels in the patients were significantly higher than age‐matched healthy controls at both pre‐ and post‐SCS time points.…”

“…Three studies quantified changes in the blood plasma/serum of neuropathic pain patients, before and after SCS, to identify potential molecular and/or cellular biomarkers of SCS . Based on the recently‐proposed theory that chronic pain could be a consequence of a neuroinflammatory process , a study by Kinfe et al examined the association of SCS on pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines.…”

“…Among the 67 studies included in this review, 24 used neurophysiological measures , 14 used functional neuroimaging techniques , 3 used a combination of neurophysiological and functional neuroimaging techniques , 14 used quantitative sensory testing , and the remaining 12 used proteomic, vascular, and/or pedometric measures to assess mechanisms of SCS in neuropathic pain patients.…”

“…Twelve studies from our search used proteomic, vascular, and/or pedometric measures to assess the mechanistic effects of SCS (40,41,52,(83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91) (Table 5). Five of these studies quantified changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify potential biochemical markers of SCS (40,(85)(86)(87)(88).…”

Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation: Review of Preclinical Studies and Comments on Clinical Outcomes

“…In addition, relationships between burst SCS responsiveness and serum concentrations changes of pain‐related cytokines were observed in a small‐scale serum FBSS study compared to an age‐/gender matched healthy controls . As chronic pain represent a multidimensional disease with a broad range of co‐morbidities, future cytokine investigations should encompass mood, cognition, and metabolic‐associated cytokine measurement .…”