Changes of Eye-Blink Activities during Hypnotic State

Tada, Hideoki; Yamada, Fumio; Hariu, Tohru

doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.832

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This study further explored the findings of Weitzenhoffer (1969) and Tada et al (1990) that eyeblink frequency is related to hypnotic susceptibility and hypnotic state. Across all conditions, the difference between high-and lowsusceptible subjects is quite striking; in fact, this main effect accounted for almost a l l of the variance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The high-susceptible subjects showed a 66% decrease in blink rate from a baseline reading. More recently, Tada, Yamada, and Hariu (1990) reported a series of studies suggesting that blink rate was dramatically reduced during the hypnotic state, as well as finding a relationship between high susceptibility and decreased blink rate. Although these studies tend to support Weitzenhoffer's (1969) research, they are poorly controlled and report no quantitative data.…”

Section: Hypnotic Susceptibility and The Endogenous Eyeblink: A Briefmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Endogenous Eyeblink: A Brief Communication

Lindsay

Kurtz

Stern

1993

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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This study investigated the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility, hypnotic state, and the endogenous eyeblink with 36 undergraduates, who were assigned to four independent groups (waking-low, hypnotized-low, waking-high, and hypnotized-high susceptibles) on the basis of combined cutoff scores on both the Creative Imagination Scale and the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale for Adults. The auditory vigilance task required subjects to discriminate between 200 ms and 300 ms tones over a 35-minute period. Hypnotic depth was controlled across trials using the Long Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Depth. As predicted, high-susceptible subjects had a significantly lower blink rate than low-susceptible subjects. The predicted interaction between susceptibility and hypnotic state was also confirmed. High-susceptible subjects showed a significant decrease in blinking for the hypnotized condition, whereas low-susceptible subjects did not. The need for replication with more adequate measures of susceptibility is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Hypnotic Susceptibility and The Endogenous Eyeblink: A Briefmentioning

confidence: 96%

Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Endogenous Eyeblink: A Brief Communication

Lindsay

Kurtz

Stern

1993

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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“…A later study (Tada, Yamada, & Hariu, 1990) confirmed the decrease in blink rate during hypnosis but also disregarded the blink rate while not in a hypnotic state. Lindsay, Kurtz, and Stern (1993) investigated specifically the blink rate before as well as during hypnosis and, contrary to our expectations, found an increased rate for low hypnotizables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

Hypnotizability and Blink Rate:A Test of the Dopamine Hypothesis

Lichtenberg

Even‐Or²,

Bachner‐Melman

et al. 2008

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

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Evidence suggests a role for central dopaminergic activity in determining an individual's level of hypnotizability. The authors measured the correlation between blink rate, which has been shown to correlate with central dopaminergic activity, and hypnotizability. Forty-eight healthy participants were evaluated for hypnotizability by the Harvard Group Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C. Blink rate was assessed under conditions of conversation, staring at a cross, listening to music, and resting. Contrary to their hypothesis, the authors found a negative correlation between hypnotizability and blink rate, accounted for primarily by the higher blink rates at rest in medium as compared to high hypnotizables. The results do not provide evidence for a role of dopamine in determining hypnotizability.

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“…Consequently, in our hypothesis, MCS patients could have more widespread residual cortical functions than VS patients to sustain it. However, it is not overall correct to consider the visual blink exclusively linked to subcortical structures because it could be in part modulated by cortex or cerebellum as reported in some articles (Liu & Ronthal, 1992; Tada, Yamada, & Hariu, 1990) although it is certainly possible to imagine the preservation of the blink even in patients with more extensive cortical damage. In this sense, our study aims to focus on the visual system of patients with DoC trying to find “where” were the main differences between the two groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual behaviors in disorders of consciousness: Disentangling conscious visual processing by a multimodal approach

Sattin

Sebastiano

D’Incerti

et al. 2020

Eur J of Neuroscience

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One of the major challenges for clinicians who treat patients with Disorders of Consciousness (DoCs) concerns the detection of signs of consciousness that distinguish patients in Vegetative State from those in Minimally Conscious State. Recent studies showed how visual responses to tailored stimuli are one of the first evidence revealing that one patient is changing from one state to another. This study aimed to explore the integrity of the neural structures being part of the visual system in patients with DoCs manifesting a reflexive behavior (visual blink) and in those manifesting a cognitively and cortically mediated behavior (visual pursuit). We collected instrumental data using specialized equipment (EEG following the rules of the International 10–20 system, 3T Magnetic Resonance, and Positron Emission Tomography) in 54 DoC patients. Our results indicated that visual pursuit group showed a better fVEPs response than the visual blink group, because of a greater area under the N2/P2 component of fVEPs (AUC could be seen as an indicator of the residual activity of visual areas). Considering neuroimaging data, the main structural differences between groups were found in the retrochiasmatic areas, specifically in the right optic radiation and visual cortex (V1), areas statistically less impaired in patients able to perform a visual pursuit. FDG‐PET analysis confirmed difference between groups at the level of the right calcarine cortex and neighboring right lingual gyrus. In conclusion, although there are methodological and theoretical limitations that should be considered, our study suggests a new perspective to consider for a future diagnostic protocol.

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Changes of Eye-Blink Activities during Hypnotic State

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Endogenous Eyeblink: A Brief Communication

Hypnotic Susceptibility and the Endogenous Eyeblink: A Brief Communication

Hypnotizability and Blink Rate:A Test of the Dopamine Hypothesis

Visual behaviors in disorders of consciousness: Disentangling conscious visual processing by a multimodal approach

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