Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

Rood, Stewart B.; Pharis, Richard P.; Major, D. J.

doi:10.1104/pp.66.5.793

Cited by 75 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although the mechanism is unknown, this result together with the genetic evidence invites the notion that high level of GA in specific cells suppresses cell growth and differentiation; whereas low level of GA promotes cell growth and differentiation. This notion is supported by the evidences: 1) the level of GA in the tassel is much lower than in the ear; 10 2) application of GA converts male florets to female florets in the tassel. 11 Thus, we postulate that high level of bioactive GA suppresses the stamen development in tassel florets.…”

Section: Ga Can Be Synthesized In the Nucleus And Cytosolsupporting

confidence: 70%

New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction

Chen

Tan

2015

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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G ibberellin (GA) plays important roles through plant growth and development. However, where GA is synthesized inside a cell and how it regulates sex determination is obscure. We analyzed the classic dwarf1 (d1) mutant in maize and revealed that D1 encodes GA 3-oxidase converting inactive GA intermediates to bioactive GA. As such, the D1 protein marks the sites where GA is potentially synthesized. Interestingly, the D1 protein was found to localize in the cytosol and nucleus, a dual-localization coinciding with the GA receptor. The same result was found for GA 20-oxidase catalyzing the upstream reaction. These results suggest that GA can be synthesized in the cytosol and nucleus. The D1 protein was highly and specifically expressed in the stamen primordia in the ear florets, but low in the whole tassel. Hence it is possible that low level of GA in the tassel is insufficient to suppress stamen development. As jasmonic acid (JA) plays antagonistic role to GA in the tassel florets, here we propose a model to explain this antagonism effect on the regulation of the stamen and pistil organ development in the tassel florets in maize.

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Section: Ga Can Be Synthesized In the Nucleus And Cytosolsupporting

confidence: 70%

New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction

Chen

Tan

2015

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…At least two possibilities offer an explanation for this phenomenon: first, GA does not affect the stamen primordium development in male floret; or second, the level of GAs in the tassel is too low to induce the suppression of stamen primordia. A previous study reported that the amount of GA-like substances in the tassel was much lower than in the ear (Rood and Pharis, 1980). Consistently, no strong signal was detected by immunohistochemical analysis with D1 antibody in tassel florets (Fig.…”

Section: The Suppression Of Stamen Primordia In Maize Female Florets supporting

confidence: 51%

The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

et al. 2014

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The maize (Zea mays) gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant dwarf1 (d1) displays dwarfism and andromonoecy (i.e. forming anthers in the female flower). Previous characterization indicated that the d1 mutation blocked three steps in GA biosynthesis; however, the locus has not been isolated and characterized. Here, we report that D1 encodes a GA 3-oxidase catalyzing the final step of bioactive GA synthesis. Recombinant D1 is capable of converting GA 20 to GA 1 , GA 20 to GA 3 , GA 5 to GA 3 , and GA 9 to GA 4 in vitro. These reactions are widely believed to take place in the cytosol. However, both in vivo GFP fusion analysis and westernblot analysis of organelle fractions using a D1-specific antibody revealed that the D1 protein is dual localized in the nucleus and cytosol. Furthermore, the upstream gibberellin 20-oxidase1 (ZmGA20ox1) protein was found dual localized in the nucleus and cytosol as well. These results indicate that bioactive GA can be synthesized in the cytosol and the nucleus, two compartments where GA receptor Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf protein1 exists. Furthermore, the D1 protein was found to be specifically expressed in the stamen primordia in the female floret, suggesting that the suppression of stamen development is mediated by locally synthesized GAs.

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“…The determination of the sex expression may thus be regulated by other factors than cytokinins alone. Feminizing effects have also been reported for auxins and abscisic acid (5,6,24) and for gibberellins (3,5,13,22,25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata. VI. Functions of cytokinins in growth, development, and reproduction of two sex types

Olff¹,

Kuiper²,

Damme³

et al. 1989

Can. J. Bot.

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. 1989. Gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata. VI. Functions of cytokinins in growth, development, and reproduction of two sex types. Can. J. Bot. 67: 2765-2769. Theoretical models predict that male sterile plants of gynodioecious species should show at least some compensation for their disadvantage of not reproducing as males through female component of fitness, In this study, growth, development, and reproduction of a hermaphrodite and a male sterile family of Plantago lanceolata L. were compared under controlled conditions. The male sterile plants produced more and longer spikes and had relatively longer styles. The male sterile plants achieved their final biomass sooner, by an earlier formation of side rosettes, and flowered earlier. The hypothesis was tested as to whether cytokinins in the plants are involved as a pleiotropic factor in either or both sex expression and the various plant characteristics associated with the male sterile phenotype. The roots of the male sterile plants had higher concentrations of putative zeatin riboside than the roots of the hermaphroditic plants, as quantified by an enzyme-linked immunoassy after separation of cytokinins by high performance liquid chromatography. Spraying the plants with benzyladenine did not affect internal cytokinin concentrations or sex expression. Benzyladenine spray increased the growth rate of the main rosette and stimulated floral initiation. Our results indicate that cytokinins are possibly involved in determining the morphological differences between sex types in this species.OLFF, H., KUIPER, D., VAN des cytokinines endogbnes sont impliquCes comme facteur plCiotrope dans l'expression de I'un ou des deux sexes et des diverses caractCristiques vCgCtales associCes au phCnotype i stCrilitC mile fut vCrifiCe. Les racines des plantes i stCrilitC mile avaient des concentrations plus ClevCes en zCatine riboside que les racines des plantes hermaphrodites, tel que quantifiC par un essai immunologique, aprks sCparation des cytokinines par la chromatographie liquide i haute performance. L'arrosage des plantes avec de la benzyladknine n'a pas affect6 les concentrations en cytokinines internes, ni l'expression du sexe. L'arrosage avec la benzyladknine a augment6 le taux de croissance de la rosette principale et stimulC l'initiation florale. Nos rksultats indiquent que les cytokinines sont possiblement impliquCes dans la determination des diffkrences morphologiques entre les types de sexe chez cette espbce.[Traduit par la revue]

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Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

Cited by 75 publications

References 19 publications

New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction

New insight in the Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction

The MaizeDWARF1Encodes a Gibberellin 3-Oxidase and Is Dual Localized to the Nucleus and Cytosol

Gynodioecy in Plantago lanceolata. VI. Functions of cytokinins in growth, development, and reproduction of two sex types

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