Changes in traffic crash mortality rates attributed to use of alcohol, or lack of a seat belt, air bag, motorcycle helmet, or bicycle helmet, United States, 1982–2001

Abstract

Objective:To estimate the contributions of five risk factors to changes in US traffic crash mortality: (1) alcohol use by drivers and pedestrians, (2) not wearing a seat belt, (3) lack of an air bag, (4) not wearing a motorcycle helmet, and (5) not wearing a bicycle helmet.Design:Longitudinal study of deaths; attributable deaths were estimated using data from other studies.Setting:US traffic crashes in 1982–2001.Subjects:People who died in a crash.Main outcome measures:Counts of deaths attributed to each risk factor, change in rates of deaths, and counts of lives saved by changes in risk factor prevalence.Results:There were 858 741 traffic deaths during the 20 year period. Estimated deaths attributed to each factor were: (1) alcohol use, 366 606; (2) not wearing a seat belt, 259 239; (3) lack of an air bag, 31 377; (4) no motorcycle helmet, 12 095; (5) no bicycle helmet, 10 552. Over the 20 years, mortality rates attributed to each risk factor declined: alcohol by 53%; not wearing a seat belt by 49%; lack of an air bag by 17%; no motorcycle helmet by 74%; no bicycle helmet by 39%. There were 153 168 lives saved by decreased drinking and driving, 129 297 by increased use of seat belts, 4305 by increased air bag prevalence, 6475 by increased use of motorcycle helmets, and 239 by increased use of bicycle helmets.Conclusions:Decreased alcohol use and increased use of seat belts were associated with substantial reductions in crash mortality from 1982 through 2001. Increased presence of air bags, motorcycle helmets, and bicycle helmets were associated with smaller reductions.

mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations inR

“…Applications of imputation by chained equations have now appeared in quite diverse fields: addiction (Schnoll et al 2006;MacLeod et al 2008;Adamczyk and Palmer 2008;Caria et al 2009;Morgenstern et al 2009), arthritis and rheumatology (Wolfe et al 2006;Rahman et al 2008;van den Hout et al 2009), atherosclerosis (Tiemeier et al 2004;van Oijen et al 2007;McClelland et al 2008), cardiovascular system (Ambler et al 2005;van Buuren et al 2006a;Chase et al 2008;Byrne et al 2009;Klein et al 2009), cancer (Clark et al 2001Royston et al 2004;Barosi et al 2007;Fernandes et al 2008;Sharma et al 2008;McCaul et al 2008;Huo et al 2008;Gerestein et al 2009), epidemiology (Cummings et al 2006;Hindorff et al 2008;Mueller et al 2008;Ton et al 2009), endocrinology (Rouxel et al 2004;Prompers et al 2008), infectious diseases (Cottrell et al 2005;Walker et al 2006;Cottrell et al 2007;Kekitiinwa et al 2008;Nash et al 2008;Sabin et al 2008;Thein et al 2008;Garabed et al 2008;Michel et al 2009), genetics …”

BRICS: opportunities to improve road safety

“…1,2 In the United States of America, failure to use a seat-belt, driving while under the influence of alcohol and all of the five key risk factors combined accounted, respectively, for 40%, 43% and 61% of the person-years lost by vehicle occupants because of road traffic injuries between 1982 and 2001. 17 The corresponding proportions in BRICS may be even higher because law enforcement in BRICS generally appears to be more lax than in the United States.…”

Analyzing Risk Factors for Fatality in Urban Traffic Crashes: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

“…All these causes were interrelated and interacted on each other and influenced road traffic safety simultaneously. Moreover, human-related factors such as driver's behavior, which were strongly associated with other causes, were crucial to crash occurrence and injury severity [13][14][15]. Given the importance of traffic safety, considerable studies have been conducted to analyze the relationship between potential explanatory variables and road traffic crashes, although none specifically reported in Wuhan.…”